Short Interfering Ribonucleic Acid (siRNA) for Oral Administration

ABSTRACT

Short interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) for oral administration, said siRNA comprising two separate RNA strands that are complementary to each other over at least 15 nucleotides, wherein each strand is 49 nucleotides or less, and wherein at least one of which strands contains at least one chemical modification.

PRIORITY INFORMATION

This U.S. divisional application claims priority U.S. PCT application Ser. No. 12/299,396, filed 2 May 2007, which claims priority to PCT Application Serial No. PCT/EP07/003,867, filed 2 May 2007, which claims priority to GB Application Serial No. 0608838.9, filed 4 May 2006, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

RNA interference initially discovered in plants as Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS), is a highly conserved mechanism triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and able to down regulate transcript of genes homologous to the dsRNA¹. The dsRNA is first processed by Dicer into short duplexes of 21-23 nt, called short interfering RNAs (siRNAs)². Incorporated in RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) they are able to mediate gene silencing through cleavage of the target mRNA in the center of the region of homology by Argonaute 2, a component of RISC³. In 2001, Elbashir et al⁴ demonstrated that the direct introduction of synthetic siRNAs would mediate RNA interference gene silencing in drosophila but also in mammalian cells. Since then, siRNA-mediated gene silencing has become a powerful and widely-used molecular biology tool in both target identification target validation studies. Use of siRNAs for gene silencing in animal studies has been described in a limited amount of animal models. Unmodified siRNAs were delivered locally in the eye^(s), intrathecally or intracerebellarly in the central nervous system⁶, and intranasally for the inhibition of respiratory viruses'. Intravenous hydrodynamic tail vein injection of unmodified siRNAs has also been studied. This approach allows a rapid delivery, mainly to the liver⁸. A very limited number of studies have been reported on the systemic administration of unmodified siRNAs. Duxbury et al⁹ administered intravenously unmodified siRNAs targeting Focal Adhesion Kinase to an orthotopic tumor xenograft mice model, and observed a tumor growth inhibition as well as a chemosensitization to gemcitabine. Soutscheck et al reported the systemic use of highly chemically modified siRNAs for the endogeneous silencing Apolipoprotein B. Intraperitoneal administration of most anti-ApoB siRNA at the high dose of 50 mg/kg reduced ApoB protein level and Lipoprotein concentration¹⁰. Despite these examples, in vivo use of siRNAs upon systemic delivery requires improvements in order to make this technology widely applicable for target validation or therapeutic applications. Indeed, unmodified siRNAs are subject to enzymatic digestion, mainly by nucleases abundant in the blood stream. In order to improve pharmacological properties of siRNAs several groups investigated chemical modification of these reagents. While the approaches described are very different among themselves and that no systematic study was yet performed, an overview of the results allows to determine the tolerance of siRNAs to chemical modifications. Several chemistries such as phosphorothioates¹¹ or boranophosphates¹², 2′-O-Methyl¹³, 2′-O-allyl¹⁴, 2′-methoxyethyl (MOE) and 2′-deoxyfluoronucleotides¹⁵ or Locked Nucleic Acids (LNA)¹⁶ have been investigated. These studies highlighted that tolerance for modification is not only chemistry-dependent, but also position-dependent.

The present invention provides a minimally modified siRNA with improved pharmacological properties. The minimally modified siRNAs are 19 bp double-stranded RNA modified on the 3′-end of each strand in order to prevent 3′-exonuclease digestion: the 3′-dideoxynucleotide overhang of 21-nt siRNA has been replaced by a universal 3′-hydroxypropyl phosphodiester moiety and the modification of the two first base-pairing nucleotides on 3′-end of each strand further enhances serum stability. Applied intraperitoneally or orally to adult mice, the modified siRNAs displayed higher potency in a growth factor induce angiogenesis model which correlates with their increased serum stability.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the present invention provides a short interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) for oral administration, said siRNA comprising two separate RNA strands that are complementary to each other over at least 15 nucleotides, wherein each strand is 49 nucleotides or less, and wherein at least one of which strands contains at least one chemical modification.

In one embodiment, the siRNA comprises at least one modified nucleotide.

In another embodiment, the siRNA comprises at least one 3′ end cap.

In another embodiment, said modified nucleotide is selected from among 2′ alkoxyribonucleotide, 2′ alkoxyalkoxy ribonucleotide, a locked nucleic acid ribonucleotide (LNA), 2′-fluoro ribonucleotide, morpholino nucleotide.

In another embodiment, said modified nucleotide is selected from among nucleotides having a modified internucleoside linkage selected from among phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoramidate, boranophosphonoate, and amide linkages.

In another embodiment, said two RNA strands are fully complementary to each other.

In another embodiment, said siRNA comprises a 1 to 6 nucleotide overhang on at least one of the 5′ end or 3′ end.

In another embodiment, the siRNA contains at least one 3′ cap, which is chemical moiety conjugated to the 3′ end via the 3′ carbon and is selected from among compounds of Formula I:

wherein

X is O or S

R₁ and R₂ are independently OH, NH₂, SH, alkyl, aryl, alkyl-aryl, aryl-alkyl, where alkyl, aryl, alkyl-aryl, aryl-alkyl can be substituted by additional heteroatoms and functional groups, preferably a heteroatom selected from the group of N, O, or S or a functional group selected from the group OH, NH₂, SH, carboxylic acid or ester;

or R₁ and R₂ may be of formula Y-Z where Y is O, N, S and Z is H, alkyl, aryl, alkyl-aryl, aryl-alkyl, where alkyl, aryl, alkyl-aryl, aryl-alkyl can be substituted by additional heteroatoms, preferably a heteroatom selected from the group of N, O, or S.

In another embodiment, the siRNA contains at least one strand which is complementary over at least 15 nucleotides to the mRNA or pre-mRNA of VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR3, Tie2, bFGFR, IL8RA, IL8RB, Fas, or IGF2R.

In another embodiment, the siRNA contains at least one strand which comprises a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 1-900.

In another embodiment, the siRNA is chosen from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO 901-930.

In another embodiment, the siRNA has a stability in a standard gastric acid assay that is greater than an unmodified siRNA with the same nucleotide sequence.

In another embodiment, the siRNA has a stability in a standard gastric acid assay that is greater than or equal to 50% after 30 minutes exposure.

In another embodiment, the siRNA has a stability in a standard serum assay greater than unmodified siRNA.

In another embodiment, the siRNA has a stability in a standard serum assay that is greater than or equal to 50% after 30 minutes exposure.

In another embodiment, the siRNA has a stability in a standard intestinal lavage assay that is greater than unmodified siRNA.

In another embodiment, the siRNA has an enhanced oral bioavailability compared to an unmodified siRNA of the same nucleotide sequence.

In one aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an siRNA with any one or more of the above properties.

In another aspect, the invention provides an siRNA with any one or more of the above properties for use as a medicament.

In another aspect, the invention provides the use of an siRNA with any one or more of the above properties in the preparation of a medicament for treating an angiogenic disorder.

In another aspect, the invention provides the use of an siRNA with any one or more of the above properties to inhibit an angiogenic process in vitro.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 a, 1 b, 1 c, 1 d and 1 e: Metabolic degradation of unmodified siRNA pG13-siRNA (wild-type siRNA in mouse serum); a-c) Ion Exchange-HPLC analysis of unmodified siRNAs after incubation in mouse serum for 0′, 30′ and 180′; After 30′ of incubation at 37° C., major peak in the Ion Exchange HPLC was isolated and re-injected in LC-MS, d) table of detected molecular weights and their assignments; e) ESI-MS spectrum

FIG. 2: illustration of four double-stranded RNA formats: wild-type (or unmodified) siRNA. MOE o/h siRNA, C3-siRNA and C3-MOE siRNA.

FIG. 3: Stability of siRNA in 3 different formats in mouse gastric acid. Samples were incubated at 37° C. in mouse gastric acid at a 2 micromolar concentration. Disappearance of parent compound was followed over a 2-6 hours period by quantifying the parent compound band.

Lane 1-7: wild-type siRNA in gastric acid at t=0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min Lane 8: ds RNA ladder (30, 21, 19, 16, 13, 10 bp) Lane 9-15: C3 siRNA in gastric acid at t=0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min Lane 16: ds RNA ladder (30, 21, 19, 16, 13, 10 bp) Lane 17-24: C3-MOE siRNA in gastric acid at t=0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min

FIG. 4: Stability of siRNA in 4 different formats in intestinal lavage. Samples were incubated at 37° C. in liver microsomes at a 5 micromolar concentration.

(From Left to Right)

Lane 1: ds RNA ladder (30, 21, 19, 16, 13, 10 bp) Lane 2-7: wild-type siRNA in intestinal lavage at t=0, 15, 30, 60, 180 and 360 min Lane 8-13: moe o/h siRNA in intestinal lavage at t=^(˜)0, 15, 30, 60, 180 and 360 min Lane 14-19: C3 siRNA in intestinal lavage at t=0, 15, 30, 60, 180 and 360 min Lane 20-25: C3-MOE siRNA in intestinal lavage at t=0, 15, 30, 60, 180 and 360 min

FIG. 5: Stability of siRNA in 4 different formats in liver microsomes. Samples were incubated at 37° C. in intestinal fluid from rat intestinal lavage at a 2 micromolar concentration.

(From Left to Right) Lane 1: ds

FIG. 6: Stability of siRNA in 4 different formats in mouse serum. Samples were incubated at 37° C. in mouse serum at a 2 micromolar concentration. Disappearance of parent compound was followed over a 6 hours period by quantifying the parent compound band.

(From Left to Right)

Lane 1: ds RNA ladder (30, 21, 19, 16, 13, 10 bp) RNA ladder (30, 21, 19, 16, 13, 10 bp) Lane 2: wild-type siRNA untreated Lane 3: moe o/h siRNA untreated Lane 4: C3 siRNA untreated Lane 5: C3-MOE siRNA untreated Lane 6-9: same as 2-5 in liver microsomes t=0 Lane 10-13: same as 2-5 in liver microsomes t=60′ Lane 14-17: same as 2-5 in supernatant S12 t=0 Lane 18-21: same as 2-5 in supernatant S12 t=60′ Lane 2-7: wild-type siRNA in mouse serum at t=0, 15, 30, 60, 180 and 360 min Lane 8-13: moe o/h siRNA in mouse serum at t=0, 15, 30, 60, 180 and 360 min Lane 14-19: C3 siRNA in mouse serum at t=0, 15, 30, 60, 180 and 360 min Lane 20-25: C3-MOE siRNA mouse serum at t=0, 15, 30, 60, 180 and 360 min

FIG. 7: Characterization in cellulo of 3 formats of anti-VEGFR2 siRNA (2 independent sequences). Wild-type siRNA, C3-siRNA and C3-MOE siRNA were transfected into MS1 cells at three concentrations (1, 5, 10 nM). Silencing potency was assessed by measuring VEGFR2 cell surface level by FACS.

FIGS. 8 a and 8 b: In vivo testing of wild-type siRNA, C3-siRNA and C3-Moe siRNA in a growth factor induced angiogenesis “Agar Chamber” mouse model. FIG. 8 a shows the results of controls, unmodified VEGFR2 siRNA and C3 modified VEGFR2 siRNA at 1, 5 and 25 micrograms per mouse per day. FIG. 8 b shows controls, C3 modified VEGFR2 siRNA and of C3-MOE VEGFR2 siRNA at 0.2, 1 and 5 micrograms per mouse per day. In each case pools of 2 anti-VEGFR2 siRNAs were given daily intraperitoneally for three days.

FIG. 9: In vivo testing of anti-VEGFR2 C3-MOE siRNA given intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a Bl6 homograft melanoma tumor mouse model at 5 and 20 micrograms per mouse per day. FIG. 9 a shows that i.p. treatment with modified VEGFR2 siRNA significantly reduces tumour development. FIG. 9 b also shows that i.p. injection of VEGFR2 siRNA at 20 ug per mouse results in significant inhibition of tumour growth.

FIG. 10: In vivo testing of C3-MOE siRNA in a growth factor induced angiogenesis mouse model. anti-VEGFR2 siRNAs were given daily orally for three days at 20 micrograms per mouse per day.

FIG. 11: In vivo testing of C3-MOE siRNA in a growth factor induced angiogenesis mouse model. anti-Tie2 siRNAs were given daily intraperitoneally (1 and 0.2 micrograms per mouse per day) or orally (20 and 5 micrograms per mouse per day) for three days. FIG. 11 a: weight of excised tissue; FIG. 11 b: Tie2 protein knock-down

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compositions and methods for treating angiogenic disorders in a mammal. Specifically, the invention relates to small-interfering RNA (“siRNA”) which may be used to treat angiogenic disorders upon oral administration to a mammal.

Angiogenesis targets in vascular endothelial cells include the following targets/genes: VEGFR-1 (GenBank Accession #AF06365); VEGFR-2 (GenBank Accession #AF063658); VEGFR-3 (GenBank Accession #(NM_(—)002020); Tie2 (TEK) (GenBank Accession #NM_(—)000459); bFGFR (GenBank Accession #M60485); IL8RA (GenBank Accession #L19591); IL8RB (GenBank Accession #L19593); Fas (GenBank Accession #X89101); IGF2R (GenBank Accession #NM_(—)000876).

The siRNA molecules according to the present invention mediate RNA interference (“RNAi”). The term “RNAi” is well known in the art and is commonly understood to mean the inhibition of one or more target genes in a cell by siRNA with a region which is complementary to the target gene. Various assays are known in the art to test siRNA for its ability to mediate RNAi (see for instance Elbashir et al., Methods 26 (2002), 199-213). The effect of the siRNA according to the present invention on gene expression will typically result in expression of the target gene being inhibited by at least 10%, 33%, 50%, 90%, 95% or 99% when compared to a cell not treated with the RNA molecules according to the present invention.

“siRNA” or “small-interfering ribonucleic acid” according to the invention has the meanings known in the art, including the following aspects. The siRNA consists of two strands of ribonucleotides which hybridize along a complementary region under physiological conditions. The strands are separate but they may be joined by a molecular linker in certain embodiments. The individual ribonucleotides may be unmodified naturally occurring ribonucleotides, unmodified naturally occurring deoxyribonucleotides or they may be chemically modified or synthetic as described elsewhere herein.

The siRNA molecules in accordance with the present invention comprise a double-stranded region which is substantially identical to a region of the mRNA of the target gene. A region with 100% identity to the corresponding sequence of the target gene is suitable. This state is referred to as “fully complementary”. However, the region may also contain one, two or three mismatches as compared to the corresponding region of the target gene, depending on the length of the region of the mRNA that is targeted, and as such may be not fully complementary. In an embodiment, the RNA molecules of the present invention specifically target one given gene. In order to only target the desired mRNA, the siRNA reagent may have 100% homology to the target mRNA and at least 2 mismatched nucleotides to all other genes present in the cell or organism. Methods to analyze and identify siRNAs with sufficient sequence identity in order to effectively inhibit expression of a specific target sequence are known in the art. Sequence identity may be optimized by sequence comparison and alignment algorithms known in the art (see Gribskov and Devereux, Sequence Analysis Primer, Stockton Press, 1991, and references cited therein) and calculating the percent difference between the nucleotide sequences by, for example, the Smith-Waterman algorithm as implemented in the BESTFIT software program using default parameters (e.g., University of Wisconsin Genetic Computing Group).

Another factor affecting the efficiency of the RNAi reagent is the target region of the target gene. The region of a target gene effective for inhibition by the RNAi reagent may be determined by experimentation. A suitable mRNA target region would be the coding region. Also suitable are untranslated regions, such as the 5′-UTR, the 3′-UTR, and splice junctions. For instance, transfection assays as described in Elbashir S. M. et al, 2001 EMBO J., 20, 6877-6888 may be performed for this purpose. A number of other suitable assays and methods exist in the art which are well known to the skilled person.

The length of the region of the siRNA complementary to the target, in accordance with the present invention, may be from 10 to 100 nucleotides, 12 to 25 nucleotides, 14 to 22 nucleotides or 15, 16, 17 or 18 nucleotides. Where there are mismatches to the corresponding target region, the length of the complementary region is generally required to be somewhat longer.

Because the siRNA may carry overhanging ends (which may or may not be complementary to the target), or additional nucleotides complementary to itself but not the target gene, the total length of each separate strand of siRNA may be 10 to 100 nucleotides, 15 to 49 nucleotides, 17 to 30 nucleotides or 19 to 25 nucleotides.

The phrase “each strand is 49 nucleotides or less” means the total number of consecutive nucleotides in the strand, including all modified or unmodified nucleotides, but not including any chemical moieties which may be added to the 3′ or 5′ end of the strand. Short chemical moieties inserted into the strand are not counted, but a chemical linker designed to join two separate strands is not considered to create consecutive nucleotides.

The phrase “a 1 to 6 nucleotide overhang on at least one of the 5′ end or 3′ end” refers to the architecture of the complementary siRNA that forms from two separate strands under physiological conditions. If the terminal nucleotides are part of the double-stranded region of the siRNA, the siRNA is considered blunt ended. If one or more nucleotides are unpaired on an end, an overhang is created. The overhang length is measured by the number of overhanging nucleotides. The overhanging nucleotides can be either on the 5′ end or 3′ end of either strand.

The siRNA according to the present invention confer a high in vivo stability suitable for oral delivery by including at least one modified nucleotide in at least one of the strands. Thus the siRNA according to the present invention contains at least one modified or non-natural ribonucleotide. A lengthy description of many known chemical modifications are set out in published PCT patent application WO 200370918 and will not be repeated here. Suitable modifications for oral delivery are more specifically set out in the Examples and description herein. Suitable modifications include, but are not limited to modifications to the sugar moiety (i.e. the 2′ position of the sugar moiety, such as for instance 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group) or the base moiety (i.e. a non-natural or modified base which maintains ability to pair with another specific base in an alternate nucleotide chain). Other modifications include so-called ‘backbone’ modifications including, but not limited to, replacing the phosphoester group (connecting adjacent ribonucleotides with for instance phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates or phosphorodithioates). Finally, end modifications sometimes referred to herein as 3′ caps or 5′ caps may be of significance. As illustrated in Table 1, caps may consist of simply adding additional nucleotides, such as “T-T” which has been found to confer stability on an siRNA. Caps may consist of more complex chemistries which are known to those skilled in the art.

In an embodiment used in the Examples below, the 3′ cap is a chemical moiety conjugated to the 3′ end via the 3′ carbon and is selected from among compounds of Formula I.

wherein

X is O or S

R₁ and R₂ are independently OH, NH₂, SH, alkyl, aryl, alkyl-aryl, aryl-alkyl, where alkyl, aryl, alkyl-aryl, aryl-alkyl can be substituted by additional heteroatoms and functional groups, preferably a heteroatom selected from the group of N, O, or S or a functional group selected from the group OH, NH₂, SH, carboxylic acid or ester; or R₁ and R₂ may be of formula Y-Z where Y is O, N, S and Z is H, alkyl, aryl, alkyl-aryl, aryl-alkyl, where alkyl, aryl, alkyl-aryl, aryl-alkyl can be substituted by additional heteroatoms, preferably a heteroatom selected from the group of N, O, or S.

Examples of modifications on the sugar moiety include 2′ alkoxyribonucleotide, 2′ alkoxyalkoxy ribonucleotide, locked nucleic acid ribonucleotide (LNA), 2′-fluoro ribonucleotide, morpholino nucleotide.

The internucleoside linkage may also be modified. Examples of internucleoside linkage include phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoramidate, and amide linkages.

R₁ may be OH.

R₁ and R₂ together may comprise from 1 to 24 C-atoms, from 1 to 12 C-atoms, from 2 to 10 C-atoms, from 1 to 8 or from 2 to 6 C-atoms. In another embodiment, R₁ and R₂ are independently OH, lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower alkyl-aryl, lower aryl-alkyl, where lower alkyl, lower aryl, lower alkyl-aryl, lower aryl-alkyl can be substituted by additional heteroatoms and functional groups as defined above. In another embodiment, R₁ and R₂ are not both OH.

The term “lower” in connection with organic radicals or compounds means a compound or radical which may be branched or unbranched with up to and including 7 carbon atoms, preferably 1-4 carbon atoms. Lower alkyl represents, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl and branched pentyl, n-hexyl and branched hexyl.

Examples of alkoxys include O-Met, O-Eth, O-prop, O-but, O-pent, O-hex.

Methods for the synthesis of siRNA, including siRNA containing at least one modified or non-natural ribonucleotides are well known and readily available to those of skill in the art. For example, a variety of synthetic chemistries are set out in published PCT patent applications WO2005021749 and WO200370918, both incorporated herein by reference. The reaction may be carried out in solution or, preferably, on solid phase or by using polymer supported reagents, followed by combining the synthesized RNA strands under conditions, wherein a siRNA molecule is formed, which is capable of mediating RNAi.

The present invention provides an siRNA containing at least one modified nucleotide which is suitable for oral delivery. In functional terms this means siRNA will have suitable pharmacokinetics and biodistribution upon oral administration to achieve delivery to the target tissue of concern. In particular this requires serum stability, lack of immune response, and drug like behaviour. Many of these features of siRNA can be anticipated based on the standard gastric acid assays and standard serum assays disclosed elsewhere herein.

In another aspect, the present invention provides methods for the inhibition of a target gene comprising introducing into a cell and siRNA according to the present invention, which is capable of inhibiting at least one target gene by RNAi. Also, more than one species of siRNA, which are each specific for another target region, may be introduced into a cell at the same time or sequentially.

The present invention is not limited to any type of target gene or nucleotide sequence. For example, the target gene can be a cellular gene, an endogenous gene, a pathogen-associated gene, a viral gene or an oncogene. Angiogenic genes are of particular importance to the invention because some of the Examples highlight that the orally delivered siRNA of the invention may accumulate at sites of vasculogenesis, neovascularization or angiogenesis. An updated listing of angiogenic genes at these sites of particular interest for the invention are listed in AngioDB: database of angiogenesis and angiogenesis-related molecules Tae-Kwon Sohn, Eun-Joung Moon1, Seok-Ki Lee1, Hwan-Gue Cho2 and Kyu-Won Kim3, Nucleic Acids Research, 2002, Vol. 30, No. 1 369-371 and online at http://angiodb.snu.ac.kr/. Genes of particular significance have been analyzed in detail and are set out elsewhere herein.

In another aspect, the invention also provides a kit comprising reagents for inhibiting expression of a target gene in a cell, wherein said kit comprises dsRNA according to the present invention. The kit comprises at least one of the reagents necessary to carry out the in vitro or in vivo introduction of the dsRNA according to the present invention to test samples or subjects. In a preferred embodiment, such kits also comprise instructions detailing the procedures by which the kit components are to be used.

“Treatment of an angiogenic disorder” as used in this disclosure means use of a modified siRNA of the invention in a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of diseases involving the physiological and pathological processes of neovascularization, vasculogenesis and/or angiogenesis. As such, these pharmaceutical compositions are useful for treating diseases, conditions and disorders that require inhibition of neovascularization, vasculogenesis or angiogenesis, including but not limited to cancer tumour growth and metastasis, neoplasm, ocular neovascularization (including macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, ischemic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, choroidal neovascularization), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, chronic asthma, septic shock, inflammatory diseases, synovitis, bone and cartilage destruction, pannus growth, osteophyte formation, osteomyelitis, psoriasis, obesity, haemangioma, Kaposi's sarcoma, atherosclerosis (including atherosclerotic plaque rupture), endometriosis, warts, excess hair growth, scar keloids, allergic oedema, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, follicular cysts, ovarian hyperstimulation, endometriosis, osteomyelitis, inflammatory and infectious processes (hepatitis, pneumonia, glumerulonephtritis), asthma, nasal polyps, transplantation, liver regeneration, leukomalacia, thyroiditis, thyroid enlargement, lymphoproliferative disorders, haematologic malignancies, vascular malformations, and pre-eclampsia.

As used herein, “treatment” means an action taken to inhibit or reduce a process of a disease, disorder or condition, to inhibit or reduce a symptom of a disease, disorder or condition, or to prophylactically prevent the onset or further development of a disease, disorder or condition. “Treat” is the cognitive verb thereof.

An effective dose of the therapeutic agent of the invention is that dose required to treat a disease state. The effective dose depends on the type of disease, the composition used, the route of administration, the type of mammal being treated, the physical characteristics of the specific mammal under consideration, concurrent medication, and other factors that those skilled in the medical arts will recognize. Generally, an amount between 0.1 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight/day of siRNA is administered dependent upon potency. The nucleic acid molecules of the invention and formulations thereof can be administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray, or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and/or vehicles. The term parenteral as used herein includes percutaneous, subcutaneous, intravascular (e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intrathecal injection, or infusion techniques and the like. In addition, there is provided a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a nucleic acid molecule of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. One or more nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be present in association with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or diluents and/or adjuvants, and if desired other active ingredients. The pharmaceutical compositions containing nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.

Compositions intended for oral use can be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions can contain one or more such sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents or preservative agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients can be, for example, inert diluents; such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets can be uncoated or they can be coated by known techniques. Formulations for oral use can also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil. Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in a mixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.

Oral administration of the compositions of the invention include all standard techniques for administering substances directly to the stomach or gut, most importantly by patient controlled swallowing of the dosage form, but also by other mechanical and assisted means of such delivery.

Dosage levels of the order of from about 0.1 mg to about 140 mg per kilogram of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of the above-indicated conditions (about 0.5 mg to about 7 g per subject per day). The amount of active ingredient that can be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form varies depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Dosage unit forms generally contain between from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient. It is understood that the specific dose level for any particular subject depends upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy.

Therapeutic effect of the therapeutic agents of the invention may be enhanced by combination with other agents. Typically such other agents will include agents known for use in treating similar diseases, such as angiogenic disorders. Alternatively, such agents may be used to reduce side-effects or unwanted effects caused by the therapeutic agents of the invention.

The siRNA of the invention also have important research uses. One such study includes research into an angiogenic process in vitro. By “angiogenic process in vitro” is meant any process for studying angiogenesis or vasculogenesis which does not employ a whole animal. As such, in vitro or ex vivo methods and assays which study the steps of the angiogenic process using markers or indicators of angiogenesis are included hereby.

RNA Strand Nucleotide Sequences

The siRNA strand sequences identified in Table 1 have been identified as suitable siRNA sequences against the following targets: VEGFR-1 (GenBank Accession #AF06365); VEGFR-2 (GenBank Accession #AF063658); VEGFR-3 (GenBank Accession #(NM_(—)002020); Tie2 (TEK) (GenBank Accession #NM_(—)000459); bFGFR (GenBank Accession #M60485); IL8RA (GenBank Accession #L19591); IL8RB (GenBank Accession #L19593); Fas (GenBank Accession #X89101); IGF2R (GenBank Accession #NM_(—)000876).

TABLE 1 siRNAs against human VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, Tie2, bFGFR, IL8RA, IL8RB, Fas, IGF2R Target Name pos siRNA guide sequence SEQ ID NO siRNA complement SEQ ID NO VEGFR-1 1731 UAUAAGAACUUGUUAACUGTG 1 CAGUUAACAAGUUCUUAUATT 451 VEGFR-1 1021 UACGGUUUCAAGCACCUGCTG 2 GCAGGUGCUUGAAACCGUATT 452 VEGFR-1 1209 UUUAUGCUCAGCAAGAUUGTA 3 CAAUCUUGCUGAGCAUAAATT 453 VEGFR-1 2904 UUAUCUUCCUGAAAGCCGGAG 4 CCGGCUUUCAGGAAGAUAATT 454 VEGFR-1 1363 UUGAGGGAUACCAUAUGCGGT 5 CGCAUAUGGUAUCCCUCAATT 455 VEGFR-1 1158 UUGAUAAUUAACGAGUAGCCA 6 GCUACUCGUUAAUUAUCAATT 456 VEGFR-1 1091 UUAACCAUACAACUUCCGGCG 7 CCGGAAGUUGUAUGGUUAATT 457 VEGFR-1 471 UUAGGUGACGUAACCCGGCAG 8 GCCGGGUUACGUCACCUAATT 458 VEGFR-1 2751 UUGCUCUUGAGGUAGUUGGAG 9 CCAACUACCUCAAGAGCAATT 459 VEGFR-1 636 UUUGUCUUAUACAAAUGCCCA 10 GGCAUUUGUAUAAGACAAATT 460 VEGFR-1 1254 UUGACAAUUAGAGUGGCAGTG 11 CUGCCACUCUAAUUGUCAATT 461 VEGFR-1 2375 UUAUAAUUGAUAGGUAGUCAG 12 GACUACCUAUCAAUUAUAATT 462 VEGFR-1 3536 UUGAGUAUGUAAACCCACUAT 13 AGUGGGUUUACAUACUCAATT 463 VEGFR-1 2971 UUCCAUAGUGAUGGGCUCCTT 14 GGAGCCCAUCACUAUGGAATT 464 VEGFR-1 1774 UCUGUUAUUAACUGUCCGCAG 15 GCGGACAGUUAAUAACAGATT 465 VEGFR-1 3494 UUGGGAUGUAGUCUUUACCAT 16 GGUAAAGACUACAUCCCAATT 466 VEGFR-1 2269 UGUUAGAGUGAUCAGCUCCAG 17 GGAGCUGAUCACUCUAACATT 467 VEGFR-1 525 UUUCCAUCAGGGAUCAAAGTG 18 CUUUGAUCCCUGAUGGAAATT 468 VEGFR-1 769 UUGAACUCUCGUGUUCAAGGG 19 CUUGAACACGAGAGUUCAATT 469 VEGFR-1 2246 UAGACUUGUCCGAGGUUCCTT 20 GGAACCUCGGACAAGUCUATT 470 VEGFR-1 732 UUGAGGACAAGAGUAUGGCCT 21 GCCAUACUCUUGUCCUCAATT 471 VEGFR-1 3813 UUACUGGUUACUCUCAAGUCA 22 ACUUGAGAGUAACCAGUAATT 472 VEGFR-1 3925 UUCCAGCUCAGCGUGGUCGTA 23 CGACCACGCUGAGCUGGAATT 473 VEGFR-1 1414 UGCUUCGGAAUGAUUAUGGTT 24 CCAUAAUCAUUCCGAAGCATT 474 VEGFR-1 615 UUGACUGUUGCUUCACAGGTC 25 CCUGUGAAGCAACAGUCAATT 475 VEGFR-1 3300 UCAUCCAUUUGUACUCCUGGG 26 CAGGAGUACAAAUGGAUGATT 476 VEGFR-1 2845 UGGUUUCUUGCCUUGUUCCAG 27 GGAACAAGGCAAGAAACCATT 477 VEGFR-1 2802 UUAGGCUCCAUGUGUAGUGCT 28 CACUACACAUGGAGCCUAATT 478 VEGFR-1 1564 UCUAGAGUCAGCCACAACCAA 29 GGUUGUGGCUGACUCUAGATT 479 VEGFR-1 1154 UAAUUAACGAGUAGCCACGAG 30 CGUGGCUACUCGUUAAUUATT 480 VEGFR-1 1090 UAACCAUACAACUUCCGGCGA 31 GCCGGAAGUUGUAUGGUUATT 481 VEGFR-1 1260 UUCACAUUGACAAUUAGAGTG 32 CUCUAAUUGUCAAUGUGAATT 482 VEGFR-1 3530 AUGUAAACCCACUAUUUCCTG 33 GGAAAUAGUGGGUUUACAUTT 483 VEGFR-1 1177 AUCCUCUUCAGUUACGUCCTT 34 GGACGUAACUGAAGAGGAUTT 484 VEGFR-1 1193 UUGUAUAAUUCCCUGCAUCCT 35 GAUGCAGGGAAUUAUACAATT 485 VEGFR-1 1092 UUUAACCAUACAACUUCCGGC 36 CGGAAGUUGUAUGGUUAAATT 486 VEGFR-1 627 UACAAAUGCCCAUUGACUGTT 37 CAGUCAAUGGGCAUUUGUATT 487 VEGFR-1 474 AUGUUAGGUGACGUAACCCGG 38 GGGUUACGUCACCUAACAUTT 488 VEGFR-1 2761 UAAGUCACGUUUGCUCUUGAG 39 CAAGAGCAAACGUGACUUATT 489 VEGFR-1 2752 UUUGCUCUUGAGGUAGUUGGA 40 CAACUACCUCAAGAGCAAATT 490 VEGFR-1 3516 UUUCCUGUCAGUAUGGCAUTG 41 AUGCCAUACUGACAGGAAATT 491 VEGFR-1 1790 UACUGUAGUGCAUUGUUCUGT 42 AGAACAAUGCACUACAGUATT 492 VEGFR-1 1155 AUAAUUAACGAGUAGCCACGA 43 GUGGCUACUCGUUAAUUAUTT 493 VEGFR-1 1370 UUGUAGGUUGAGGGAUACCAT 44 GGUAUCCCUCAACCUACAATT 494 VEGFR-1 2227 UUGAACAGUGAGGUAUGCUGA 45 AGCAUACCUCACUGUUCAATT 495 VEGFR-1 3481 UUUACCAUCCUGUUGUACATT 46 UGUACAACAGGAUGGUAAATT 496 VEGFR-1 1261 UUUCACAUUGACAAUUAGAGT 47 UCUAAUUGUCAAUGUGAAATT 497 VEGFR-1 1791 AUACUGUAGUGCAUUGUUCTG 48 GAACAAUGCACUACAGUAUTT 498 VEGFR-1 3805 UACUCUCAAGUCAAUCUUGAG 49 CAAGAUUGACUUGAGAGUATT 499 VEGFR-1 2764 AAAUAAGUCACGUUUGCUCTT 50 GAGCAAACGUGACUUAUUUTT 500 VEGFR-2 617 UAAUAGACUGGUAACUUUCAT 51 GAAAGUUACCAGUCUAUUATT 501 VEGFR-2 2686 UAGAAGGUUGACCACAUUGAG 52 CAAUGUGGUCAACCUUCUATT 502 VEGFR-2 561 UAGCUGAUCAUGUAGCUGGGA 53 CCAGCUACAUGAUCAGCUATT 503 VEGFR-2 525 UUGCUGUCCCAGGAAAUUCTG 54 GAAUUUCCUGGGACAGCAATT 504 VEGFR-2 2277 AUGAUUUCCAAGUUCGUCUTT 55 AGACGAACUUGGAAAUCAUTT 505 VEGFR-2 395 UAAUGUACACGACUCCAUGTT 56 CAUGGAGUCGUGUACAUUATT 506 VEGFR-2 2410 UUCAUCUGGAUCCAUGACGAT 57 CGUCAUGGAUCCAGAUGAATT 507 VEGFR-2 2007 UGAUUCUCCAGGUUUCCUGTG 58 CAGGAAACCUGGAGAAUCATT 508 VEGFR-2 1323 UAGACCGUACAUGUCAGCGTT 59 CGCUGACAUGUACGGUCUATT 509 VEGFR-2 3382 UUCUGGUGUAGUAUAAUCAGG 60 UGAUUAUACUACACCAGAATT 510 VEGFR-2 3078 UUUCGUGCCGCCAGGUCCCTG 61 GGGACCUGGCGGCACGAAATT 511 VEGFR-2 1432 UUCUUCACAAGGGUAUGGGTT 62 CCCAUACCCUUGUGAAGAATT 512 VEGFR-2 1817 UCAAUUUCCAAAGAGUAUCCA 63 GAUACUCUUUGGAAAUUGATT 513 VEGFR-2 688 UAGUUCAAUUCCAUGAGACGG 64 GUCUCAUGGAAUUGAACUATT 514 VEGFR-2 2310 AACAUGGCAAUCACCGCCGTG 65 CGGCGGUGAUUGCCAUGUUTT 515 VEGFR-2 2130 UCCUUCAAUACAAUGCCUGAG 66 CAGGCAUUGUAUUGAAGGATT 516 VEGFR-2 799 UACAAGUUUCUUAUGCUGATG 67 UCAGCAUAAGAAACUUGUATT 517 VEGFR-2 3523 UGAUAUCGGAAGAACAAUGTA 68 CAUUGUUCUUCCGAUAUCATT 518 VEGFR-2 1843 UGUGCUAUUAGAGAACAUGGT 69 CAUGUUCUCUAAUAGCACATT 519 VEGFR-2 2941 UUCUACAUCACUGAGGGACTT 70 GUCCCUCAGUGAUGUAGAATT 520 VEGFR-2 2088 UCUUUAAACCACAUGAUCUGT 71 AGAUCAUGUGGUUUAAAGATT 521 VEGFR-2 472 UCUUGCACAAAGUGACACGTT 72 CGUGUCACUUUGUGCAAGATT 522 VEGFR-2 180 UGAUUAUUGGGCCAAAGCCAG 73 GGCUUUGGCCCAAUAAUCATT 523 VEGFR-2 1568 AUUUGUACAAAGCUGACACAT 74 GUGUCAGCUUUGUACAAAUTT 524 VEGFR-2 3141 UAAAUAUCCCGGGCCAAGCCA 75 GCUUGGCCCGGGAUAUUUATT 525 VEGFR-2 3769 AACCAUACCACUGUCCGUCTG 76 GACGGACAGUGGUAUGGUUTT 526 VEGFR-2 3920 UGUCAUCGGAGUGAUAUCCGG 77 GGAUAUCACUCCGAUGACATT 527 VEGFR-2 1718 UCUCAAACGUAGAUCUGUCTG 78 GACAGAUCUACGUUUGAGATT 528 VEGFR-2 2919 UCCUCCACAAAUCCAGAGCTG 79 GCUCUGGAUUUGUGGAGGATT 529 VEGFR-2 324 UAAAUGACCGAGGCCAAGUCA 80 ACUUGGCCUCGGUCAUUUATT 530 VEGFR-2 1050 UAACCAAGGUACUUCGCAGGG 81 CUGCGAAGUACCUUGGUUATT 531 VEGFR-2 56 UAGGCAAACCCACAGAGGCGG 82 GCCUCUGUGGGUUUGCCUATT 532 VEGFR-2 2453 UGGCAUCAUAAGGCAGUCGTT 83 CGACUGCCUUAUGAUGCCATT 533 VEGFR-2 1303 UUGAGUGGUGCCGUACUGGTA 84 CCAGUACGGCACCACUCAATT 534 VEGFR-2 1813 UUUCCAAAGAGUAUCCAAGTT 85 CUUGGAUACUCUUUGGAAATT 535 VEGFR-2 2015 UUGUCGUCUGAUUCUCCAGGT 86 CUGGAGAAUCAGACGACAATT 536 VEGFR-2 3088 UAAGAGGAUAUUUCGUGCCGC 87 GGCACGAAAUAUCCUCUUATT 537 VEGFR-2 625 UAUGUACAUAAUAGACUGGTA 88 CCAGUCUAUUAUGUACAUATT 538 VEGFR-2 800 UUACAAGUUUCUUAUGCUGAT 89 CAGCAUAAGAAACUUGUAATT 539 VEGFR-2 811 UAGGUCUCGGUUUACAAGUTT 90 ACUUGUAAACCGAGACCUATT 540 VEGFR-2 812 UUAGGUCUCGGUUUACAAGTT 91 CUUGUAAACCGAGACCUAATT 541 VEGFR-2 3093 UCCGAUAAGAGGAUAUUUCGT 92 GAAAUAUCCUCUUAUCGGATT 542 VEGFR-2 801 UUUACAAGUUUCUUAUGCUGA 93 AGCAUAAGAAACUUGUAAATT 543 VEGFR-2 2009 UCUGAUUCUCCAGGUUUCCTG 94 GGAAACCUGGAGAAUCAGATT 544 VEGFR-2 2127 UUCAAUACAAUGCCUGAGUCT 95 ACUCAGGCAUUGUAUUGAATT 545 VEGFR-2 1585 UUUGUUGACCGCUUCACAUTT 96 AUGUGAAGCGGUCAACAAATT 546 VEGFR-2 562 AUAGCUGAUCAUGUAGCUGGG 97 CAGCUACAUGAUCAGCUAUTT 547 VEGFR-2 3906 UAUCCGGACUGGUAGCCGCTT 98 GCGGCUACCAGUCCGGAUATT 548 VEGFR-2 1316 UACAUGUCAGCGUUUGAGUGG 99 ACUCAAACGCUGACAUGUATT 549 VEGFR-2 3520 UAUCGGAAGAACAAUGUAGTC 100 CUACAUUGUUCUUCCGAUATT 550 VEGFR-3 453 UUCCUGUUGACCAAGAGCGTG 101 CGCUCUUGGUCAACAGGAATT 551 VEGFR-3 2694 UUGAGCUCCGACAUCAGCGCG 102 CGCUGAUGUCGGAGCUCAATT 552 VEGFR-3 1689 UUGGAUUCGAUGGUGAAGCCG 103 GCUUCACCAUCGAAUCCAATT 553 VEGFR-3 988 UUCAUGCACAAUGACCUCGGT 104 CGAGGUCAUUGUGCAUGAATT 554 VEGFR-3 4374 UUACCAAGGAAUAAUCGGCGG 105 GCCGAUUAUUCCUUGGUAATT 555 VEGFR-3 2142 UCUUUGUACCACACGAUGCTG 106 GCAUCGUGUGGUACAAAGATT 556 VEGFR-3 1833 UUGCAGUCGAGCAGAAGCGGG 107 CGCUUCUGCUCGACUGCAATT 557 VEGFR-3 3903 UUCAGCUACCUGAAGCCGCTT 108 GCGGCUUCAGGUAGCUGAATT 558 VEGFR-3 3273 UACACCUUGUCGAAGAUGCTT 109 GCAUCUUCGACAAGGUGUATT 559 VEGFR-3 1107 UACCACUGGAACUCGGGCGGG 110 CGCCCGAGUUCCAGUGGUATT 560 VEGFR-3 336 UAGCAGACGUAGCUGCCUGTG 111 CAGGCAGCUACGUCUGCUATT 561 VEGFR-3 2607 UUGUGGAUGCCGAAAGCGGAG 112 CCGCUUUCGGCAUCCACAATT 562 VEGFR-3 1556 UCACAGUCUUAUUCUUUCCCT 113 GGAAAGAAUAAGACUGUGATT 563 VEGFR-3 108 UCCGUGAUGUUCAAGGUCGGG 114 CGACCUUGAACAUCACGGATT 564 VEGFR-3 1954 AUAGUGGCCCUCGUGCUCGGG 115 CGAGCACGAGGGCCACUAUTT 565 VEGFR-3 2100 AAGCACUGCAUCUCCAGCGAG 116 CGCUGGAGAUGCAGUGCUUTT 566 VEGFR-3 693 UCAUAGAGCUCGUUGCCUGTG 117 CAGGCAACGAGCUCUAUGATT 567 VEGFR-3 2337 AGGAUCACGAUCUCCAUGCTG 118 GCAUGGAGAUCGUGAUCCUTT 568 VEGFR-3 2054 UCAAGUUCUGCGUGAGCCGAG 119 CGGCUCACGCAGAACUUGATT 569 VEGFR-3 860 UCUGUUGGGAGCGUCGCUCGG 120 GAGCGACGCUCCCAACAGATT 570 VEGFR-3 2436 UAGCCCGUCUUGAUGUCUGCG 121 CAGACAUCAAGACGGGCUATT 571 VEGFR-3 3759 UUCAUCCUGGAGGAACCACGG 122 GUGGUUCCUCCAGGAUGAATT 572 VEGFR-3 288 AACACCUUGCAGUAGGGCCTG 123 GGCCCUACUGCAAGGUGUUTT 573 VEGFR-3 1485 UGCGUGGUCACCGCCCUCCAG 124 GGAGGGCGGUGACCACGCATT 574 VEGFR-3 2502 UCGUAGGACAGGUAUUCGCAT 125 GCGAAUACCUGUCCUACGATT 575 VEGFR-3 925 AUACGAGCCCAGGUCGUGCTG 126 GCACGACCUGGGCUCGUAUTT 576 VEGFR-3 426 UUGUUGAUGAAUGGCUGCUCA 127 AGCAGCCAUUCAUCAACAATT 577 VEGFR-3 3189 UAGAUGUCCCGGGCAAGGCCA 128 GCCUUGCCCGGGACAUCUATT 578 VEGFR-3 2274 UUGACGCAGCCCUUGGGUCTG 129 GACCCAAGGGCUGCGUCAATT 579 VEGFR-3 2196 UUCUGGUUGGAGUCCGCCAAG 130 UGGCGGACUCCAACCAGAATT 580 VEGFR-3 2019 UGCACCGACAGGUACUUCUTG 131 AGAAGUACCUGUCGGUGCATT 581 VEGFR-3 360 AUGCGUGCCUUGAUGUACUTG 132 AGUACAUCAAGGCACGCAUTT 582 VEGFR-3 1755 UACUUGUAGCUGUCGGCUUGG 133 AAGCCGACAGCUACAAGUATT 583 VEGFR-3 3037 UUCCAUGGUCAGCGGGCUCAG 134 GAGCCCGCUGACCAUGGAATT 584 VEGFR-3 1018 UUUGAGCCACUCGACGCUGAT 135 CAGCGUCGAGUGGCUCAAATT 585 VEGFR-3 1684 UUCGAUGGUGAAGCCGUCGGG 136 CGACGGCUUCACCAUCGAATT 586 VEGFR-3 4373 UACCAAGGAAUAAUCGGCGGG 137 CGCCGAUUAUUCCUUGGUATT 587 VEGFR-3 987 UCAUGCACAAUGACCUCGGTG 138 CCGAGGUCAUUGUGCAUGATT 588 VEGFR-3 3267 UUGUCGAAGAUGCUUUCAGGG 139 CUGAAAGCAUCUUCGACAATT 589 VEGFR-3 4387 UGUAUUACUCAUAUUACCAAG 140 UGGUAAUAUGAGUAAUACATT 590 VEGFR-3 3883 UUCUUGUCUAUGCCUGCUCTC 141 GAGCAGGCAUAGACAAGAATT 591 VEGFR-3 4376 UAUUACCAAGGAAUAAUCGGC 142 CGAUUAUUCCUUGGUAAUATT 592 VEGFR-3 2140 UUUGUACCACACGAUGCUGGG 143 CAGCAUCGUGUGGUACAAATT 593 VEGFR-3 978 AUGACCUCGGUGCUCUCCCGA 144 GGGAGAGCACCGAGGUCAUTT 594 VEGFR-3 2427 UUGAUGUCUGCGUGGGCCGGC 145 CGGCCCACGCAGACAUCAATT 595 VEGFR-3 1109 UGUACCACUGGAACUCGGGCG 146 CCCGAGUUCCAGUGGUACATT 596 VEGFR-3 319 UGUGUCGUUGGCAUGUACCTC 147 GGUACAUGCCAACGACACATT 597 VEGFR-3 1843 AUGCACGUUCUUGCAGUCGAG 148 CGACUGCAAGAACGUGCAUTT 598 VEGFR-3 317 UGUCGUUGGCAUGUACCUCGT 149 GAGGUACAUGCCAACGACATT 599 VEGFR-3 700 CUGGAUGUCAUAGAGCUCGTT 150 CGAGCUCUAUGACAUCCAGTT 600 Tie-2 1223 UAAGCUUACAAUCUGGCCCGT 151 GGGCCAGAUUGUAAGCUUATT 601 (TEK) Tie-2 2350 UAUCUUCACAUCAACGUGCTG 152 GCACGUUGAUGUGAAGAUATT 602 (TEK) Tie-2 706 UAUGUUCACGUUAUCUCCCTT 153 GGGAGAUAACGUGAACAUATT 603 (TEK) Tie-2 3561 UUUAAGGACACCAAUAUCUGG 154 AGAUAUUGGUCUCCUUAAATT 604 (TEK) Tie-2 2763 UGAAAUUUGAUGUCAUUCCAG 155 GGAAUGACAUCAAAUUUCATT 605 (TEK) Tie-2 174 UUGUUUACAAGUUAGAGGCAA 156 GCCUCUAACUUGUAAACAATT 606 (TEK) Tie-2 1183 UUCAUUGCACUGCAGACCCTT 157 GGGUCUGCAGUGCAAUGAATT 607 (TEK) Tie-2 805 UAGAAUAUCAGGUACUUCATG 158 UGAAGUACCUGAUAUUCUATT 608 (TEK) Tie-2 2601 UUCAAUUGCAAUAUGAUCAGA 159 UGAUCAUAUUGCAAUUGAATT 609 (TEK) Tie-2 2277 UAGCCAUCCAAUAUUGUCCAA 160 GGACAAUAUUGGAUGGCUATT 610 (TEK) Tie-2 1366 UACUUCUAUAUGAUCUGGCAA 161 GCCAGAUCAUAUAGAAGUATT 611 (TEK) Tie-2 32 UUUGGUAUCAGCAGGGCUGGG 162 CAGCCCUGCUGAUACCAAATT 612 (TEK) Tie-2 4085 UGUACUAUCAGGGUCAUUGTT 163 CAAUGACCCUGAUAGUACATT 613 (TEK) Tie-2 3881 UUCUGAUUUCAGCCCAUUCTT 164 GAAUGGGCUGAAAUCAGAATT 614 (TEK) Tie-2 646 UUGUUGACGCAUCUUCAUGGT 165 CAUGAAGAUGCGUCAACAATT 615 (TEK) Tie-2 4021 AUAGCAUUCAACAUAAAGGTA 166 CCUUUAUGUUGAAUGCUAUTT 616 (TEK) Tie-2 209 UUUGUGACUUUCCAUUAGCAT 167 GCUAAUGGAAAGUCACAAATT 617 (TEK) Tie-2 4223 UAAAUGAAACGGGACUGGCTG 168 GCCAGUCCCGUUUCAUUUATT 618 (TEK) Tie-2 3961 UACUAAUUGUACUCACGCCTT 169 GGCGUGAGUACAAUUAGUATT 619 (TEK) Tie-2 1771 UUGAAUAUGUUGCCAAGCCTC 170 GGCUUGGCAACAUAUUCAATT 620 (TEK) Tie-2 3909 UUAUUGCAUAUGAAACCACAA 171 GUGGUUUCAUAUGCAAUAATT 621 (TEK) Tie-2 3606 UAAAGCGUGGUAUUCACGUAG 172 ACGUGAAUACCACGCUUUATT 622 (TEK) Tie-2 477 AUUAAGGCUUCAAAGUCCCTT 173 GGGACUUUGAAGCCUUAAUTT 623 (TEK) Tie-2 3421 UUCUGCACAAGUCAUCCCGCA 174 CGGGAUGACUUGUGCAGAATT 624 (TEK) Tie-2 2730 UAAAUUGUAGGAUCUGGGUTG 175 ACCCAGAUCCUACAAUUUATT 625 (TEK) Tie-2 1800 UAGUUGAGUGUAACAAUCUCA 176 AGAUUGUUACACUCAACUATT 626 (TEK) Tie-2 3385 UAAGCUAACAAUCUCCCAUAG 177 AUGGGAGAUUGUUAGCUUATT 627 (TEK) Tie-2 1692 UAAGGCUCAGAGCUGAUGUTG 178 ACAUCAGCUCUGAGCCUUATT 628 (TEK) Tie-2 1657 AUGUCCAGUGUCAAUCACGTT 179 CGUGAUUGACACUGGACAUTT 629 (TEK) Tie-2 3665 UUCUGUCCUAGGCCGCUUCTT 180 GAAGCGGCCUAGGACAGAATT 630 (TEK) Tie-2 2091 UUAAGUAGCACCGAAGUCAAG 181 UGACUUCGGUGCUACUUAATT 631 (TEK) Tie-2 2827 UAACCCAUCCUUCUUGAUGCG 182 CAUCAAGAAGGAUGGGUUATT 632 (TEK) Tie-2 1979 UUGGUUGCCAGGUCAAAUUTA 183 AAUUUGACCUGGCAACCAATT 633 (TEK) Tie-2 67 UAGAUUAGGAUGGGAAAGGCT 184 CCUUUCCCAUCCUAAUCUATT 634 (TEK) Tie-2 3459 UUCUCCAGUCUGUAGCCCUGG 185 AGGGCUACAGACUGGAGAATT 635 (TEK) Tie-2 2764 UUGAAAUUUGAUGUCAUUCCA 186 GAAUGACAUCAAAUUUCAATT 636 (TEK) Tie-2 3560 UUAAGGACACCAAUAUCUGGG 187 CAGAUAUUGGUGUCCUUAATT 637 (TEK) Tie-2 715 UUUGAAAGAUAUGUUCACGTT 188 CGUGAACAUAUCUUUCAAATT 638 (TEK) Tie-2 1368 UUUACUUCUAUAUGAUCUGGC 189 CAGAUCAUAUAGAAGUAAATT 639 (TEK) Tie-2 2351 UUAUCUUCACAUCAACGUGCT 190 CACGUUGAUGUGAAGAUAATT 640 (TEK) Tie-2 205 UGACUUUCCAUUAGCAUCGTC 191 CGAUGCUAAUGGAAAGUCATT 641 (TEK) Tie-2 3957 AAUUGUACUCACGCCUUCCTA 192 GGAAGGCGUGAGUACAAUUTT 642 (TEK) Tie-2 3962 AUACUAAUUGUACUCACGCCT 193 GCGUGAGUACAAUUAGUAUTT 643 (TEK) Tie-2 2352 UUUAUCUUCACAUCAACGUGC 194 ACGUUGAUGUGAAGAUAAATT 644 (TEK) Tie-2 3963 UAUACUAAUUGUACUCACGCC 195 CGUGAGUACAAUUAGUAUATT 645 (TEK) Tie-2 1777 UGUCACUUGAAUAUGUUGCCA 196 GCAACAUAUUCAAGUGACATT 646 (TEK) Tie-2 3388 UCCUAAGCUAACAAUCUCCCA 197 GGAGAUUGUUAGCUUAGGATT 647 (TEK) Tie-2 636 AUCUUCAUGGUUCGUAUCCTG 198 GGAUACGAACCAUGAAGAUTT 648 (TEK) Tie-2 74 UCCUUUGUAGAUUAGGAUGGG 199 CAUCCUAAUCUACAAAGGATT 649 (TEK) Tie-2 707 AUAUGUUCACGUUAUCUCCCT 200 GGAGAUAACGUGAACAUAUTT 650 (TEK) bFGFR 3814 UAAAUCUCUGGUAACGACCCT 201 GGUCGUUACCAGAGAUUUATT 651 bFGFR 1478 UUACACAUGAACUCCACGUTG 202 ACGUGGAGUUCAUGUGUAATT 652 bFGFR 3773 UAUACUCAGAUUUAUCAACTT 203 GUUGAUAAAUCUGAGUAUATT 653 bFGFR 715 UAGCGGUGCAGAGUGUGGCTG 204 GCCACACUCUGCACCGCUATT 654 bFGFR 575 UUCAAACUGACCCUCGCUCGG 205 GAGCGAGGGUCAGUUUGAATT 655 bFGFR 646 UUCUGCAGUUAGAGGUUGGTG 206 CCAACCUCUAACUGCAGAATT 656 bFGFR 3625 AUCGGAAUUAAUAAGCCACTG 207 GUGGCUUAUUAAUUCCGAUTT 657 bFGFR 2318 UACAAGGGACCAUCCUGCGTG 208 CGCAGGAUGGUCCCUUGUATT 658 bFGFR 1439 UUGUUGGCGGGCAACCCUGCT 209 CAGGGUUGCCCGCCAACAATT 659 bFGFR 3860 AUAGCAACUGAUGCCUCCCAG 210 GGGAGGCAUCAGUUGCUAUTT 660 bFGFR 3163 UGAGGGUUACAGCUGACGGTG 211 CCGUCAGCUGUAACCCUCATT 661 bFGFR 2600 UCGAUGUGGUGAAUGUCCCGT 212 GGGACAUUCACCACAUCGATT 662 bFGFR 2513 UCUCGGUGUAUGCACUUCUTG 213 AGAAGUGCAUACACCGAGATT 663 bFGFR 2214 UUUCUCUGUUGCGUCCGACTT 214 GUCGGACGCAACAGAGAAATT 664 bFGFR 1346 UUCUCCACAAUGCAGGUGUAG 215 ACACCUGCAUUGUGGAGAATT 665 bFGFR 1556 UUGUCUGGGCCAAUCUUGCTC 216 GCAAGAUUGGCCCAGACAATT 666 bFGFR 2671 UCCGGUCAAAUAAUGCCUCGG 217 GAGGCAUUAUUUGACCGGATT 667 bFGFR 3105 UUUGAGUCCGCCAUUGGCAAG 218 UGCCAAUGGCGGACUCAAATT 668 bFGFR 2091 UUUGCCUAAGACCAGUCUGTC 219 CAGACUGGUCUUAGGCAAATT 669 bFGFR 1590 UCCAGCAGUCUUCAAGAUCTG 220 GAUCUUGAAGACUGCUGGATT 670 bFGFR 1689 UCCGAUAGAGUUACCCGCCAA 221 GGCGGGUAACUCUAUCGGATT 671 bFGFR 1319 UUGUCAGAGGGCACCACAGAG 222 CUGUGGUGCCCUCUGACAATT 672 bFGFR 2342 UUGGAGGCAUACUCCACGATG 223 UCGUGGAGUAUGCCUCCAATT 673 bFGFR 107 UCUCGGUCCCGACCGGACGTG 224 CGUCCGGUCGGGACCGAGATT 674 bFGFR 3662 UCUGGUACCAGGCAUUUGGTC 225 CCAAAUGCCUGGUACCAGATT 675 bFGFR 2150 UUGUCCAGCCCGAUAGCCUCT 226 AGGCUAUCGGGCUGGACAATT 676 bFGFR 1517 UUUAGCCACUGGAUGUGCGGC 227 CGCACAUCCAGUGGCUAAATT 677 bFGFR 1264 UGUAGCCUCCAAUUCUGUGGT 228 CACAGAAUUGGAGGCUACATT 678 bFGFR 3576 UUCAAUCGUGGCUCGAAGCAC 229 GCUUCGAGCCACGAUUGAATT 679 bFGFR 613 AUCUCCAUGGAUACUCCACAG 230 GUGGAGUAUCCUAGGAGAUTT 680 bFGFR 1221 UUUCAACCAGCGCAGUGUGGG 231 CACACUGCGCUGGUUGAAATT 681 bFGFR 3004 UAGAGCUCCGGGUGUCGGGAA 232 CCCGACACCCGGAGCUCUATT 682 bFGFR 3825 UUACCGAUGGGUAAAUCUCTG 233 GAGAUUUACCCAUCGGUAATT 683 bFGFR 3813 AAAUCUCUGGUAACGACCCTT 234 GGGUCGUUACCAGAGAUUUTT 684 bFGFR 3861 UAUAGCAACUGAUGCCUCCCA 235 GGAGGCAUCAGUUGCUAUATT 685 bFGFR 576 UUUCAAACUGACCCUCGCUCG 236 AGCGAGGGUCAGUUUGAAATT 686 bFGFR 3772 AUACUCAGAUUUAUCAACUTT 237 AGUUGAUAAAUCUGAGUAUTT 687 bFGFR 3824 UACCGAUGGGUAAAUCUCUGG 238 AGAGAUUUACCCAUCGGUATT 688 bFGFR 2319 AUACAAGGGACCAUCCUGCGT 239 GCAGGAUGGUCCCUUGUAUTT 689 bFGFR 3771 UACUCAGAUUUAUCAACUUTG 240 AAGUUGAUAAAUCUGAGUATT 690 bFGFR 2511 UCGGUGUAUGCACUUCUUGGA 241 CAAGAAGUGCAUACACCGATT 691 bFGFR 2333 UACUCCACGAUGACAUACAAG 242 UGUAUGUCAUCGUGGAGUATT 692 bFGFR 3624 UCGGAAUUAAUAAGCCACUGG 243 AGUGGCUUAUUAAUUCCGATT 693 bFGFR 1304 ACAGAGUCCAUUAUGAUGCTC 244 GCAUCAUAAUGGACUCUGUTT 694 bFGFR 1608 UUUGUCGGUGGUAUUAACUCC 245 AGUUAAUACCACCGACAAATT 695 bFGFR 1301 GAGUCCAUUAUGAUGCUCCAG 246 GGAGCAUCAUAAUGGACUCTT 696 bFGFR 3626 UAUCGGAAUUAAUAAGCCACT 247 UGGCUUAUUAAUUCCGAUATT 697 bFGFR 2672 AUCCGGUCAAAUAAUGCCUCG 248 AGGCAUUAUUUGACCGGAUTT 698 bFGFR 2213 UUCUCUGUUGCGUCCGACUTC 249 AGUCGGACGCAACAGAGAATT 699 bFGFR 2597 AUGUGGUGAAUGUCCCGUGCG 250 CACGGGACAUUCACCACAUTT 700 IL8RA 1971 UUUAUUAGGAACAUCUGCCTG 251 GGCAGAUGUUCCUAAUAAATT 701 IL8RA 75 UUGAUCUAACUGAAGCACCGG 252 GGUGCUUCAGUUAGAUCAATT 702 IL8RA 645 AUUGUUUGGAUGGUAAGCCTG 253 GGCUUACCAUCCAAACAAUTT 703 IL8RA 1431 UAAUUAGCCAGUUAGUGGGTT 254 CCCACUAACUGGCUAAUUATT 704 IL8RA 1378 UUCGUUUCCAUGGAGGUGCAA 255 GCACCUCCAUGGAAACGAATT 705 IL8RA 1470 UCAUCUAAUGUCAGAUUCGGG 256 CGAAUCUGACAUUAGAUGATT 706 IL8RA 218 UACUUGUUGAGUGUCUCAGTT 257 CUGAGACACUCAACAAGUATT 707 IL8RA 1101 AUGACGUGCCAAGAACUCCTT 258 GGAGUUCUUGGCACGUCAUTT 708 IL8RA 677 UUUCCCAGGACCUCAUAGCAA 259 GCUAUGAGGUCCUGGGAAATT 709 IL8RA 1178 AAGAGAUAUUCCUUCAUCGAT 260 CGAUGAAGGAAUAUCUCUUTT 710 IL8RA 1543 UUGAGGAGAUGCUCCUGUGAG 261 CACAGGAGCAUCUCCUCAATT 711 IL8RA 1783 UCUUGUGGCAUAGAUCUGGCT 262 CCAGAUCUAUGCCACAAGATT 712 IL8RA 1249 AUAGUGCCUGUCCAGAGCCAG 263 GGCUCUGGACAGGCACUAUTT 713 IL8RA 1520 UCAACGAGAGCAUCCAGCCCT 264 GGCUGGAUGCUCUCGUUGATT 714 IL8RA 1068 AUGCAUAGCCAGGAUCUUGAG 265 CAAGAUCCUGGCUAUGCAUTT 715 IL8RA 1347 UUGGAGGUACCUCAACAGCTC 266 GCUGUUGAGGUACCUCCAATT 716 IL8RA 1208 UCAGGGUGUUGGUUAUUCUTT 267 AGAAUAACCAACACCCUGATT 717 IL8RA 117 AUCUGUAAUAUUUGACAUGTC 268 CAUGUCAAAUAUUACAGAUTT 718 IL8RA 1862 UGCUUGUCUCGUUCCACUUGG 269 AAGUGGAACGAGACAAGCATT 719 IL8RA 1153 UUCAGAGGUUGGAAGAGACAT 270 GUCUCUUCCAACCUCUGAATT 720 IL8RA 640 UUGGAUGGUAAGCCUGGCGGA 271 CGCCAGGCUUACCAUCCAATT 721 IL8RA 1411 UAAAGAUGUGACGUUCAACGG 272 GUUGAACGUCACAUCUUUATT 722 IL8RA 71 UCUAACUGAAGCACCGGCCAG 273 GGCCGGUGCUUCAGUUAGATT 723 IL8RA 1397 UCAACGGGAAUGAUGGUGCTT 274 GCACCAUCAUUCCCGUUGATT 724 IL8RA 644 UUGUUUGGAUGGUAAGCCUGG 275 AGGCUUACCAUCCAAACAATT 725 IL8RA 641 UUUGGAUGGUAAGCCUGGCGG 276 GCCAGGCUUACCAUCCAAATT 726 IL8RA 76 UUUGAUCUAACUGAAGCACCG 277 GUGCUUCAGUUAGAUCAAATT 727 IL8RA 1398 UUCAACGGGAAUGAUGGUGCT 278 CACCAUCAUUCCCGUUGAATT 728 IL8RA 1381 UGCUUCGUUUCCAUGGAGGTG 279 CCUCCAUGGAAACGAAGCATT 729 IL8RA 1769 UCUGGCUUCCAAACCCUCUTT 280 AGAGGGUUUGGAAGCCAGATT 730 IL8RA 1435 AUGCUAAUUAGCCAGUUAGTG 281 CUAACUGGCUAAUUAGCAUTT 731 IL8RA 1175 AGAUAUUCCUUCAUCGAUGGT 282 CAUCGAUGAAGGAAUAUCUTT 732 IL8RA 1970 UUAUUAGGAACAUCUGCCUGC 283 AGGCAGAUGUUCCUAAUAATT 733 IL8RA 1432 CUAAUUAGCCAGUUAGUGGGT 284 CCACUAACUGGCUAAUUAGTT 734 IL8RA 74 UGAUCUAACUGAAGCACCGGC 285 CGGUGCUUCAGUUAGAUCATT 735 IL8RA 646 AAUUGUUUGGAUGGUAAGCCT 286 GCUUACCAUCCAAACAAUUTT 736 IL8RA 639 UGGAUGGUAAGCCUGGCGGAA 287 CCGCCAGGCUUACCAUCCATT 737 IL8RA 1082 UUGCUGACCAGGCCAUGCATA 288 UGCAUGGCCUGGUCAGCAATT 738 IL8RA 1770 AUCUGGCUUCCAAACCCUCTT 289 GAGGGUUUGGAAGCCAGAUTT 739 IL8RA 81 AAUGGUUUGAUCUAACUGAAG 290 UCAGUUAGAUCAAACCAUUTT 740 IL8RA 1372 UCCAUGGAGGUGCAAAGGCCG 291 GCCUUUGCACCUCCAUGGATT 741 IL8RA 1388 AUGAUGGUGCUUCGUUUCCAT 292 GGAAACGAAGCACCAUCAUTT 742 IL8RA 643 UGUUUGGAUGGUAAGCCUGGC 293 CAGGCUUACCAUCCAAACATT 743 IL8RA 1784 UUCUUGUGGCAUAGAUCUGGC 294 CAGAUCUAUGCCACAAGAATT 744 IL8RA 1524 AGGGUCAACGAGAGCAUCCAG 295 GGAUGCUCUCGUUGACCCUTT 745 IL8RA 237 AUAGGCGAUGAUCACAACATA 296 UGUUGUGAUCAUCGCCUAUTT 746 IL8RA 219 AUACUUGUUGAGUGUCUCAGT 297 UGAGACACUCAACAAGUAUTT 747 IL8RA 1389 AAUGAUGGUGCUUCGUUUCCA 298 GAAACGAAGCACCAUCAUUTT 748 IL8RA 1972 CUUUAUUAGGAACAUCUGCCT 299 GCAGAUGUUCCUAAUAAAGTT 749 IL8RA 1115 UAGGAGGUAACACGAUGACGT 300 GUCAUCGUGUUACCUCCUATT 750 IL8RB 2648 UUAAGUGUCAAUUUAGUGGCA 301 CCACUAAAUUGACACUUAATT 751 IL8RB 2184 UUUCUUGUGGGUCAAUUCCTA 302 GGAAUUGACCCACAAGAAATT 752 IL8RB 2250 UUGGGUCUUGUGAAUAAGCTG 303 GCUUAUUCACAAGACCCAATT 753 IL8RB 1746 UUCACUUCUUAGAACAUAGAG 304 CUAUGUUCUAAGAAGUGAATT 754 IL8RB 960 UUGGAUGAGUAGACGGUCCTT 305 GGACCGUCUACUCAUCCAATT 755 IL8RB 454 AUUACUAAGAUCUUCACCUTT 306 AGGUGAAGAUCUUAGUAAUTT 756 IL8RB 2750 UUGGUUUAAUCAGCCUUGGTG 307 CCAAGGCUGAUUAAACCAATT 757 IL8RB 2604 AUCACUACUGUUUAUCUGCAG 308 GCAGAUAAACAGUAGUGAUTT 758 IL8RB 1026 AUCCGUAACAGCAUCCGCCAG 309 GGCGGAUGCUGUUACGGAUTT 759 IL8RB 1384 AUGUAUAGCUAGAAUCUUGAG 310 CAAGAUUCUAGCUAUACAUTT 760 IL8RB 1149 AAGAUGACCCGCAUGGCCCGG 311 GGGCCAUGCGGGUCAUCUUTT 761 IL8RB 2464 UCUCAGUACCUCAUGUAGGTG 312 CCUACAUGAGGUACUGAGATT 762 IL8RB 877 UUUGACCAAGUAGCGCUUCTG 313 GAAGCGCUACUUGGUCAAATT 763 IL8RB 2324 UUCGUUAGGUACAUAUCACAT 314 GUGAUAUGUACCUAACGAATT 764 IL8RB 2360 AUGAGUACUUCAUUCCUCUTT 315 AGAGGAAUGAAGUACUCAUTT 765 IL8RB 265 UUGGGUGGUAGUCAGAGCUGT 316 AGCUCUGACUACCACCCAATT 766 IL8RB 1642 UUUCUAAACCAUGCAAGGGAA 317 CCCUUGCAUGGUUUAGAAATT 767 IL8RB 2146 UCAUGUGUUAAUUCUAUGUCT 318 ACAUAGAAUUAACACAUGATT 768 IL8RB 2627 UUAAGUCACAUUGCGGUACAA 319 GUACCGCAAUGUGACUUAATT 769 IL8RB 1000 UGUAUUGUUGCCCAUGUCCTC 320 GGACAUGGGCAACAAUACATT 770 IL8RB 315 UGACCUGCUGUUAUUGGAGTG 321 CUCCAAUAACAGCAGGUCATT 771 IL8RB 2774 AAAUAUAGGCAGGUGGUUCTA 322 GAACCACCUGCCUAUAUUUTT 772 IL8RB 219 ACCUUGACGAUGAAACUUCTG 323 GAAGUUUCAUCGUCAAGGUTT 773 IL8RB 2389 UUUCAAGGUUCGUCCGUGUTG 324 ACACGGACGAACCUUGAAATT 774 IL8RB 385 UGAGGUAAACUUAAAUCCUGA 325 AGGAUUUAAGUUUACCUCATT 775 IL8RB 1347 UUCUGGCCAAUGAAGGCGUAG 326 ACGCCUUCAUUGGCCAGAATT 776 IL8RB 2649 UUUAAGUGUCAAUUUAGUGGC 327 CACUAAAUUGACACUUAAATT 777 IL8RB 1737 UAGAACAUAGAGUGCCAUGGG 328 CAUGGCACUCUAUGUUCUATT 778 IL8RB 455 AAUUACUAAGAUCUUCACCTT 329 GGUGAAGAUCUUAGUAAUUTT 779 IL8RB 965 UAACAUUGGAUGAGUAGACGG 330 GUCUACUCAUCCAAUGUUATT 780 IL8RB 1740 UCUUAGAACAUAGAGUGCCAT 331 GGCACUCUAUGUUCUAAGATT 781 IL8RB 2632 UGGCAUUAAGUCACAUUGCGG 332 GCAAUGUGACUUAAUGCCATT 782 IL8RB 2755 UAGCCUUGGUUUAAUCAGCCT 333 GCUGAUUAAACCAAGGCUATT 783 IL8RB 2183 UUCUUGUGGGUCAAUUCCUAT 334 AGGAAUUGACCCACAAGAATT 784 IL8RB 2605 UAUCACUACUGUUUAUCUGCA 335 CAGAUAAACAGUAGUGAUATT 785 IL8RB 2340 UCAGGCUGAAGGAUACUUCGT 336 GAAGUAUCCUUCAGCCUGATT 786 IL8RB 2143 UGUGUUAAUUCUAUGUCUGAA 337 CAGACAUAGAAUUAACACATT 787 IL8RB 998 UAUUGUUGCCCAUGUCCUCAT 338 GAGGACAUGGGCAACAAUATT 788 IL8RB 2180 UUGUGGGUCAAUUCCUAUAAG 339 UAUAGGAAUUGACCCACAATT 789 IL8RB 2185 AUUUCUUGUGGGUCAAUUCCT 340 GAAUUGACCCACAAGAAAUTT 790 IL8RB 307 UGUUAUUGGAGUGGCCACCGA 341 GGUGGCCACUCCAAUAACATT 791 IL8RB 2481 UCUGUAAAUUUGUUCACUCTC 342 GAGUGAACAAAUUUACAGATT 792 IL8RB 2617 UUGCGGUACAACUAUCACUAC 343 AGUGAUAGUUGUACCGCAATT 793 IL8RB 956 AUGAGUAGACGGUCCUUCGGA 344 CGAAGGACCGUCUACUCAUTT 794 IL8RB 456 UAAUUACUAAGAUCUUCACCT 345 GUGAAGAUCUUAGUAAUUATT 795 IL8RB 226 UGAAACAACCUUGACGAUGAA 346 CAUCGUCAAGGUUGUUUCATT 796 IL8RB 1394 UGAUCAAGCCAUGUAUAGCTA 347 GCUAUACAUGGCUUGAUCATT 797 IL8RB 458 UGUAAUUACUAAGAUCUUCAC 348 GAAGAUCUUAGUAAUUACATT 798 IL8RB 881 UGAAUUUGACCAAGUAGCGCT 349 CGCUACUUGGUCAAAUUCATT 799 IL8RB 2327 UACUUCGUUAGGUACAUAUCA 350 AUAUGUACCUAACGAAGUATT 800 Fas 109 UGUAGUAACAGUCUUCCUCAA 351 GAGGAAGACUGUUACUACATT 801 Fas 41 UGGACGAUAAUCUAGCAACAG 352 GUUGCUAGAUUAUCGUCCATT 802 Fas 161 UAUGGCAGAAUUGGCCAUCAT 353 GAUGGCCAAUUCUGCCAUATT 803 Fas 182 UUUCACCUGGAGGACAGGGCT 354 CCCUGUCCUCCAGGUGAAATT 804 Fas 62 UCACUUGGGCAUUAACACUTT 355 AGUGUUAAUGCCCAAGUGATT 805 Fas 377 ACUUCCUCUUUGCACUUGGTG 356 CCAAGUGCAAAGAGGAAGUTT 806 Fas 349 UGAGUGUGCAUUCCUUGAUGA 357 AUCAAGGAAUGCACACUCATT 807 Fas 245 UCCCUUCUUGGCAGGGCACGC 358 GUGCCCUGCCAAGAAGGGATT 808 Fas 205 GACUGUGCAGUCCCUAGCUTT 359 AGCUAGGGACUGCACAGUCTT 809 Fas 145 AUCAUGAUGCAGGCCUUCCAA 360 GGAAGGCCUGCAUCAUGAUTT 810 Fas 123 UUCUGAGUCUCAACUGUAGTA 361 CUACAGUUGAGACUCAGAATT 811 Fas 34 UAAUCUAGCAACAGACGUAAG 362 UACGUCUGUUGCUAGAUUATT 812 Fas 114 UCAACUGUAGUAACAGUCUTC 363 AGACUGUUACUACAGUUGATT 813 Fas 115 CUCAACUGUAGUAACAGUCTT 364 GACUGUUACUACAGUUGAGTT 814 Fas 28 AGCAACAGACGUAAGAACCAG 365 GGUUCUUACGUCUGUUGCUTT 815 Fas 122 UCUGAGUCUCAACUGUAGUAA 366 ACUACAGUUGAGACUCAGATT 816 Fas 186 UUCCUUUCACCUGGAGGACAG 367 GUCCUCCAGGUGAAAGGAATT 817 Fas 42 UUGGACGAUAAUCUAGCAACA 368 UUGCUAGAUUAUCGUCCAATT 818 Fas 111 ACUGUAGUAACAGUCUUCCTC 369 GGAAGACUGUUACUACAGUTT 819 Fas 144 UCAUGAUGCAGGCCUUCCAAG 370 UGGAAGGCCUGCAUCAUGATT 820 Fas 92 UCAAUUCCAAUCCCUUGGAGT 371 UCCAAGGGAUUGGAAUUGATT 821 Fas 201 GUGCAGUCCCUAGCUUUCCTT 372 GGAAAGCUAGGGACUGCACTT 822 Fas 128 CCAAGUUCUGAGUCUCAACTG 373 GUUGAGACUCAGAACUUGGTT 823 Fas 36 GAUAAUCUAGCAACAGACGTA 374 CGUCUGUUGCUAGAUUAUCTT 824 Fas 162 UUAUGGCAGAAUUGGCCAUCA 375 AUGGCCAAUUCUGCCAUAATT 825 Fas 127 CAAGUUCUGAGUCUCAACUGT 376 AGUUGAGACUCAGAACUUGTT 826 Fas 202 UGUGCAGUCCCUAGCUUUCCT 377 GAAAGCUAGGGACUGCACATT 827 Fas 82 UCCCUUGGAGUUGAUGUCAGT 378 UGACAUCAACUCCAAGGGATT 828 Fas 160 AUGGCAGAAUUGGCCAUCATG 379 UGAUGGCCAAUUCUGCCAUTT 829 Fas 150 UGGCCAUCAUGAUGCAGGCCT 380 GCCUGCAUCAUGAUGGCCATT 830 Fas 63 GUCACUUGGGCAUUAACACTT 381 GUGUUAAUGCCCAAGUGACTT 831 Fas 164 GCUUAUGGCAGAAUUGGCCAT 382 GGCCAAUUCUGCCAUAAGCTT 832 Fas 37 CGAUAAUCUAGCAACAGACGT 383 GUCUGUUGCUAGAUUAUCGTT 833 Fas 116 UCUCAACUGUAGUAACAGUCT 384 ACUGUUACUACAGUUGAGATT 834 Fas 32 AUCUAGCAACAGACGUAAGAA 385 CUUACGUCUGUUGCUAGAUTT 835 Fas 64 AGUCACUUGGGCAUUAACACT 386 UGUUAAUGCCCAAGUGACUTT 836 Fas 167 AGGGCUUAUGGCAGAAUUGGC 387 CAAUUCUGCCAUAAGCCCUTT 837 Fas 120 UGAGUCUCAACUGUAGUAACA 388 UUACUACAGUUGAGACUCATT 838 Fas 125 AGUUCUGAGUCUCAACUGUAG 389 ACAGUUGAGACUCAGAACUTT 839 Fas 43 UUUGGACGAUAAUCUAGCAAC 390 UGCUAGAUUAUCGUCCAAATT 840 Fas 94 CCUCAAUUCCAAUCCCUUGGA 391 CAAGGGAUUGGAAUUGAGGTT 841 Fas 159 UGGCAGAAUUGGCCAUCAUGA 392 AUGAUGGCCAAUUCUGCCATT 842 Fas 110 CUGUAGUAACAGUCUUCCUCA 393 AGGAAGACUGUUACUACAGTT 843 Fas 31 UCUAGCAACAGACGUAAGAAC 394 UCUUACGUCUGUUGCUAGATT 844 Fas 38 ACGAUAAUCUAGCAACAGACG 395 UCUGUUGCUAGAUUAUCGUTT 845 Fas 118 AGUCUCAACUGUAGUAACAGT 396 UGUUACUACAGUUGAGACUTT 846 Fas 169 ACAGGGCUUAUGGCAGAAUTG 397 AUUCUGCCAUAAGCCCUGUTT 847 Fas 33 AAUCUAGCAACAGACGUAAGA 398 UUACGUCUGUUGCUAGAUUTT 848 Fas 163 CUUAUGGCAGAAUUGGCCATC 399 UGGCCAAUUCUGCCAUAAGTT 849 Fas 233 AGGGCACGCAGUCUGGUUCAT 400 GAACCAGACUGCGUGCCCUTT 850 IGF2R 6340 UUUGUCACCUAUGACACCCAG 401 GGGUGUCAUAGGUGACAAATT 851 IGF2R 2936 UUAUAGAGCAAGCCUGGUCTG 402 GACCAGGCUUGCUCUAUAATT 852 IGF2R 1331 UCUGAUUGUGGUAUCUUCCTG 403 GGAAGAUACCACAAUCAGATT 853 IGF2R 4491 UAUUUCAGGACAAUUAUGCCA 404 GCAUAAUUGUCCUGAAAUATT 854 IGF2R 2562 UUAAUGUAGUAUUUCCUCCAC 405 GGAGGAAAUACUACAUUAATT 855 IGF2R 1456 UUUCCCAUCGUUACCUGCGGT 406 CGCAGGUAACGAUGGGAAATT 856 IGF2R 2253 UAGUUCAGUUGGAUCAUCCCA 407 GGAUGAUCCAACUGAACUATT 857 IGF2R 3570 UUGCCUUCUGACACUAAGCAA 408 GCUUAGUGUCAGAAGGCAATT 858 IGF2R 2274 UUAUAGGGUGUGCCGCCUCTG 409 GAGGCGGCACACCCUAUAATT 859 IGF2R 1197 UUUCCAUCUGAAAUAUAGGAT 410 CCUAUAUUUCAGAUGGAAATT 860 IGF2R 897 UUGCGCACCAGCUUCAGUCCG 411 GACUGAAGCUGGUGCGCAATT 861 IGF2R 5205 UUGAUGUAGAAAUCAGGGUTG 412 ACCCUGAUUUCUACAUCAATT 862 IGF2R 8904 UUCUCAGCAAUAGAACACCAG 413 GGUGUUCUAUUGCUGAGAATT 863 IGF2R 8604 UAAGGCUUCUUAUAGGUCGAA 414 CGACCUAUAAGAAGCCUUATT 864 IGF2R 3629 UCAAAGAUCCAUUCGCCGCGG 415 GCGGCGAAUGGAUCUUUGATT 865 IGF2R 4344 UUGAUGAGGUAGUGCUCCGGG 416 CGGAGCACUACCUCAUCAATT 866 IGF2R 1419 UUUAUGACGCUCAUCCGCUGA 417 AGCGGAUGAGCGUCAUAAATT 867 IGF2R 7185 UAUUUGUAGGACACGUUGGAA 418 CCAACGUGUCCUACAAAUATT 868 IGF2R 4447 UACCCUGCCGAGGUUCACGGG 419 CGUGAACCUCGGCAGGGUATT 869 IGF2R 3706 UAUCUGAGCACACUCAAACGT 420 GUUUGAGUGUGCUCAGAUATT 870 IGF2R 6422 UCUUUGUACAGGUCAAUUCTA 421 GAAUUGACCUGUACAAAGATT 871 IGF2R 1306 UUUGACUUGAGAGGUAUCGCT 422 CGAUACCUCUCAAGUCAAATT 872 IGF2R 6129 UUGUGUUUCUGGACGAAUUTG 423 AAUUCGUCCAGAAACACAATT 873 IGF2R 5105 UAGAGCUUCCAUUCCUCACGG 424 GUGAGGAAUGGAAGCUCUATT 874 IGF2R 4572 UUCACUUGGCUCUCGCUGCAG 425 GCAGCGAGAGCCAAGUGAATT 875 IGF2R 5308 UACCCGGCCGAUAUCUAUGGG 426 CAUAGAUAUCGGCCGGGUATT 876 IGF2R 3153 UUCUCAAUUCCGACUGGCCTT 427 GGCCAGUCGGAAUUGAGAATT 877 IGF2R 9029 UAUUACAGUAAAGUUGAUUGA 428 AAUCAACUUUACUGUAAUATT 878 IGF2R 1530 UUAACACAGGCGUAUUCCGTG 429 CGGAAUACGCCUGUGUUAATT 879 IGF2R 8364 AAAUGUGCUCUGUACGCCCAG 430 GGGCGUACAGAGCACAUUUTT 880 IGF2R 5400 UAGUUGAAAUGCUUGUCCGCT 431 CGGACAAGCAUUUCAACUATT 881 IGF2R 6702 UUGGCUCCAGAGCACGCCGGG 432 CGGCGUGCUCUGGAGCCAATT 882 IGF2R 8479 UUCUCUGACACCUCAACUCCA 433 GAGUUGAGGUGUCAGAGAATT 883 IGF2R 4723 UAAGGAGCUCAGAUCAAACAG 434 GUUUGAUCUGAGCUCCUUATT 884 IGF2R 4237 UGAACAUUCAGUCAGAUCGAA 435 CGAUCUGACUGAAUGUUCATT 885 IGF2R 6203 UAUAGUACGAGACUCCGUUGT 436 AACGGAGUCUCGUACUAUATT 886 IGF2R 753 AUGAAUAGAGAAGUGUCCGGA 437 CGGACACUUCUCUAUUCAUTT 887 IGF2R 8554 AUAAGCACAGUAAAGGUGGTA 438 CCACCUUUACUGUGCUUAUTT 888 IGF2R 5462 UUAACAGCUUAGGCGUUCCCA 439 GGAACGCCUAAGCUGUUAATT 889 IGF2R 1460 UUCCUUUCCCAUCGUUACCTG 440 GGUAACGAUGGGAAAGGAATT 890 IGF2R 5206 AUUGAUGUAGAAAUCAGGGTT 441 CCCUGAUUUCUACAUCAAUTT 891 IGF2R 2559 AUGUAGUAUUUCCUCCACGTG 442 CGUGGAGGAAAUACUACAUTT 892 IGF2R 8605 UUAAGGCUUCUUAUAGGUCGA 443 GACCUAUAAGAAGCCUUAATT 893 IGF2R 4345 AUUGAUGAGGUAGUGCUCCGG 444 GGAGCACUACCUCAUCAAUTT 894 IGF2R 1187 AAAUAUAGGAUGAACCUCCGC 445 GGAGGUUCAUCCUAUAUUUTT 895 IGF2R 1184 UAUAGGAUGAACCUCCGCUCT 446 AGCGGAGGUUCAUCCUAUATT 896 IGF2R 7190 UUGAGUAUUUGUAGGACACGT 447 GUGUCCUACAAAUACUCAATT 897 IGF2R 7182 UUGUAGGACACGUUGGAACTT 448 GUUCCAACGUGUCCUACAATT 898 IGF2R 2941 AUCCCUUAUAGAGCAAGCCTG 449 GGCUUGCUCUAUAAGGGAUTT 899 IGF2R 3693 UCAAACGUGAUCCUGGUGGAG 450 CCACCAGGAUCACGUUUGATT 900

Chemical Modification of RNA Strand Nucleotides

The siRNA according to the invention may comprise at least one modified nucleotide in at least one of the RNA strands. A range of potential modified nucleotides are disclosed elsewhere herein. Useful modifications and combinations of modifications for use according to the invention are shown in Table 2:

TABLE 2 Chemical Modifications and Sequence Architecture # Modification Name Format 1 PS DNA o/h     NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNsnsn nsnsNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2 Full PS     NsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsN NsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsN 3 RNA o/h   NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 4 Blunt-ended NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 5 2′-OMe o/h     NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN^(p)N^(p) N^(p)N^(p) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 6 2′-OMe/2′F     NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN^(p)N^(p) N^(p)N^(p)NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 7 LNA (3-7     NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNsnsn incorporations nsnsNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN in ds region) N = any unmodified RNA nucleotide n = unmodified DNA nucleotide N ^(p) = modified RNA nucleotide s = identifies phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage o/h = overhang

The following modifications added to the 3′ position of the 3′-terminus of the siRNA strands, sometimes referred to as a ‘3′ end cap’ are also recognized as useful embodiments of the invention and may be used with any of the siRNA according to the invention:

Specific compounds with activity according to the invention include the following, shown in Table 3:

TABLE 3 Sequences and Chemistries of siRNA used in Examples Sequence (N: RNA; dN: DNA; Name strand 2'-moe RNA; s: phosphorothioate) SEQ ID NO pGI3-siRNA guide strand UCG AAG UAC UCA GCG UAA GdTdT 901 complement strand CUU ACG CUG AGU ACU UCG AdTdT 902 pGL3 MOE o/h guide strand CUU ACG CUG AGU ACU UCG Atst 903 siRNA complement strand UCG AAG UAC UCA GCG UAA Gtst 904 pGI3-C3-siRNA guide strand UCG AAG UAC UCA GCG UAA G-C3 905 complement strand CUU ACG CUG AGU ACU UCG A-C3 906 pGI3-C3-MOE- guide strand UCG AAG UAC UCA GCG UAa g-C3 907 siRNA complement strand CUU ACG CUG AGU ACU UCg a-C3 908 VEGFR2-siRNA1 guide strand UUG AGG UUU GAA AUC GAC CdCdT 909 complement strand GGU CGA UUU CAA ACC UCA AdTdT 910 VEGFR2-siRNA2 guide strand UAA UUU GUU CCU GUC UUC CdAdG 911 complement strand GGA AGA CAG GAA CAA AUU AdTdT 912 siRNA control guide strand ACG UGA CAC GUU CGG AGA AdTdT 913 complement strand UUC UCC GAA CGU GUC ACG UdTdT 914 VEGFR2-C3- guide strand UUG AGG UUU GAA AUC GAC C-C3 915 siRNA1 complement strand GGU CGA UUU CAA ACC UCA A-C3 916 VEGFR2-C3- guide strand UAA UUU GUU CCU GUC UUC C-C3 917 siRNA2 complement strand GGA AGA CAG GAA CAA AUU A-C3 918 C3-siRNA control guide strand ACG UGA CAC GUU CGG AGA A-C3 919 complement strand UUC UCC GAA CGU GUC ACG U-C3 920 VEGFR2-C3-MOE- guide strand UUG AGG UUU GAA AUC GAc c-C3 921 siRNA1 complement strand GGU CGA UUU CAA ACC UCa a-C3 922 VEGFR2-C3-MOE- guide strand UAA UUU GUU CCU GUC UUc c-C3 923 siRNA2 complement strand GGA AGA CAG GAA CAA AUu A-C3 924 Tie2-C3-MOE- guide strand UUC UUC UUU AAU UAA CAc c-C3 925 siRNA1 complement strand GGU GUU AAU UAA AGA AGa a-C3 926 Tie2-C3-MOE- guide strand UCU GAG UUU GUA AAU AUc g-C3 927 siRNA2 complement strand CGA UAU UUA CAA ACU CAg a-C3 928 C3-MOE-siRNA guide strand ACG UGA CAC GUU CGG AGa a-C3 929 control complement strand UUC UCC GAA CGU GUC AGg t-C3 930

EXAMPLES

The following Examples illustrate aspects of the invention, and are not intended to limit the embodiments included in the claims recited below. The results and discussion section further below refers to experiments conducted according to the following protocols and employing the following materials. Materials and protocols that are not specifically described are considered to be routinely available to those skilled in the art.

Example 1 Preparation of siRNAs

Single strand siRNA derivatives were synthesized by standard 2′-O-TOM phosphoamidite technology and purified by Oasis® HLB Extraction Plates (Waters). Sense- and antisense stranded siRNA were mixed in hybridization buffer (100 mM potassium acetate, 2 mM magnesium acetate, 30 mM Hepes, pH 7.6) heat-denatured at 90° C. for 3 min and annealed at 37° C. for 60 min. 100 μM stock solutions of siRNA duplexes were stored at −20° C.

Example 2 Incubation in Serum and Analysis by IE-HPLC (Lc-Ms)

In a standard serum assay, 6 μL 20 μM of each siRNA were mixed with 54 μL serum or CSF and heated at 37° C. in an incubator. 50 μL of the cooled mixture was loaded on an analytical DNA-pac PA-100 Column (Dionex) and analyzed with a NaCl gradient (0-0.6 M in 30 min) in a 1:10 Acetonitrile:Buffer (20 mM sodium acetate, 1 mM magnesium acetate, pH 6.5) solution.

For LC-MS analysis 100 μL (20 μM or 50 μM) each siRNA was mixed with 900 μL sterile fetal bovine serum (GIBCO) incubated at 37° C. and separated by HPLC as indicated previously (except of the NaCl gradient: 0M-0.36M in 9′/0.36M-0.6M in 12′). Degradation products were desalted on NAP columns and analyzed by LC-ESI″-MS.

Example 3 Incubation in Gastric Acid

To prepare a standard gastric acid assay, FVB and C57BL6 mice, weighing 18 to 20 g (6 to 8 weeks old), were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Les Oncins, France). Animals were sacrificed using CO₂, and then stomachs were quickly recovered. Gastric fluid as well as stomach contents were collected and pooled, then loaded on centrifugal filter devices (Ultrafree MC, Millipores). Filter units were spun for 10 minutes according to manufacturer's recommendations. The filtrate, corresponding to mouse gastric fluid, was recovered, aliquoted and frozen prior further experiments.

For each assay, 20 μM of siRNA solutions were diluted in 9× volume of gastric acid as above described and incubated at 37° C. for 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min.

Example 4 Incubation in Intestinal Lavage

To prepare a standard intestinal lavage assay, Male Wistar rat were fasted, anesthetized with isoflurane. Intestinal lavage was obtained by in situ perfusion of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) with 10 mL saline (0.5 mL/min) followed by 20 mL water (1 mL/min). Outlet collected was centrifuged (3000×g, 15 min, 22° C.), and supernatant passed through a 1.2-μm filter and stored at −20° C. For each assay, 20 μM siRNA solutions were diluted in 9× volume of intestinal lavage and incubated at 37° C. for 0, 15, 30, 60, 180 and 360 min.

Example 5 Incubation in Mouse Liver Microsomes

In a standard liver microsome assay, to 10 μl of a 250 μM solution of siRNA were added 25 μl of mouse liver microsomes (GEntest 452701 Charge 11) at 20 mg protein/ml, 365 μl of 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 50 μl of UDPGA cofactor (24 mM in water), 50 μl of NADPH. Incubation was quenched by freezing at t=0 min and t=60 min.

Example 6 Incubation in Rat S12 Supernatant

For a standard rat S12 supernatant assay, 10 μl of a 250 μM solution of siRNA were added to 17 μl of rat liver S12 at 29.9 mg protein/ml, 373 μl of 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 50 μl of UDPGA cofactor (24 mM in water), 50 μl of NADPH. Incubation was quenched by freezing at t=0 min and t=60 min.

Example 7 Incubation in Mouse Serum

For a standard incubation in mouse serum, 20 M siRNA solutions were diluted in 9× volume of murine serum (Harlan nude mouse) and incubated at 37° C. for 0, 15, 30, 60, 180 and 360 min.

Example 8 Gel Electrophoresis Stability Assay

A 10 μL aliquot of incubation solution was taken immediately after shaking and shock-frozen on dry ice, the mixtures were incubated at 37° C. and aliquots were shock frozen at various time points. Aliquots were thawed in 30 μL (15 μL respectively) Loading Buffer (Elchrom Sc., Cham, Switzerland) and separated on a SF50 gels (Elchrom Sc., Cham, Switzerland) at 120 V, 8° C. for 240 min. Bands were stained with SYBR Gold (Molecular Probes) and picture were taken with a BIORAD ChemiDoc™ XRS system.

Example 9 Cell Culture

The mouse immortalized endothelial cell line MS1 (ATCC CRL-2279) was grown in DMEM high glucose (4.5 g/l) supplemented with L-Glutamine and 10% heat-inactivated FCS (AMIMED, Switzerland) on 1.5% Gelatine-coated culture dishes. MS1 cells were transfected in 24 well-format with siRNA using HiPerfect (QIAGEN) according to manufacturer procedure (tetraplicate, final siRNA concentration was 10 nM or as indicated).

Example 10 FACS Analysis

Non-transfected and siRNA transfected MS1 cells were analyzed by FACS for VEGFR2 levels. Briefly, cells were trypsinized from duplicate or triplicate wells, pooled for each conditions, then washed twice with PBS+10% FCS and incubated 10 minutes on ice prior addition of RPE-conjugated anti-VEGFR2 Ab (1 μg/10⁶ cells; Avas 12α1, BD Pharmingen). RPE-labeled isotype IgG2α were used as FACS control (BD Pharmingen). FACS acquisition and analysis were performed on a FACScalibur using Cell Quest Software (Becton-Dickinson).

Example 11 Animal Studies

Female FVB mice (6 to 8 weeks old), were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Les Oncins, France). Mice were identified via ear markings and kept in groups (6 animals per cage) under normal conditions and observed daily. Six mice were used per treatment group and all animal experiments were performed in strict adherence to the Swiss law for animal protection.

The reference chamber model has been described in publications (e.g. Wood J, Bold G, Buchdunger E, et al. PTK787/ZK 222584, a novel and potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, impairs vascular endothelial growth factor-induced responses and tumor growth after oral administration. Cancer Res 2000; 60:2178-89) In brief, porous tissue chambers made of perfluoro-alkoxy-Teflon (Teflon®-PFA, 21 mm×8 mm diameter, 550 μl volume) were filled with 0.8% agar (BBL® Nr. 11849, Becton Dickinson, Meylan, France) and 20 U/ml heparin, (Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) supplemented with or without 3 μg/ml recombinant human VEGF and siRNAs as indicated. Solutions were maintained at 42° C. prior the filling procedure. Mice were anesthetized using 3% Isoflurane (Forene®, Abbott AG, Cham, Switzerland) inhalation. For subcutaneous implantation, a small skin incision was made at the base of the tail to allow the insertion of an implant trocar. The chamber was implanted under aseptic conditions through the small incision onto the back of the animal. The skin incision was closed by wound clips (Autoclip 9 mm Clay Adams). Depending on the required dose, siRNAs were diluted in “injectable quality grade” 0.9% saline solution then delivered to animals either i.p. (200 μL/dose) or p.o. by gavage (100 μL/dose). The mice were receiving the first dose 2 to 4 hours before implanting chambers; then treated daily for 2 days. If not otherwise indicated, mice were sacrificed three days after implantation, chambers excised and the vascularized fibrous tissue formed around each implant carefully removed. Body weight was used to monitor the general condition of the mice. Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett test.

Example 12 Bl6 Melanoma Xenograft Model

The syngeneic Bl6/BL6 murine melanoma model, previously identified to be responsive to antiangiogenic therapy (e.g. LaMontagne K, Littlewood-Evans A, Schnell C, O'Reilly T, Wyder L, Sanchez T, Probst B, Butler J, Wood A, Liau G, Billy E, Theuer A, Hla T, Wood J. Antagonism of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors by FTY720 inhibits angiogenesis and tumor vascularization. Cancer Res. 2006 Jan. 1; 66(1):221-31), was used to evaluate the antitumor activity of standard or modified siRNAs. Tumor cells (1 μL, 5×10⁴/μL) were injected intradermally into the dorsal pinna of both ears of syngeneic female C57BL/6 mice. Measurements of primary tumor area (mm²) were carried out on days 7, 14, and 21 after tumor cell inoculation using computer-assisted image analysis software (KS-400 3.0 imaging system, Zeiss) and a specifically designed macro. From days 7 to 21, mice were receiving siRNAs diluted in “injectable quality grade” 0.9% saline solution either i.p. (200 μL/dose) or p.o. by gavage (100 μL/dose) once a day. Mice were sacrificed on day 21, and cranial lymph node metastases were weighed and then frozen.

In these results, actual siRNA sequences and chemistries employed may be determined by reference to Table 3.

Wild-Type siRNAs are Degraded in Mouse Serum from Both 3′-Ends

Oligonucleotide degradation by nucleases is predominantly 3′-exonucleolytic. Modification of antisense oligonucleotides at their termini by the introduction of aromatic or lipophilic residues delays their nucleolytic degradation¹⁷. To verify whether this metabolic pathway would also be dominant for siRNA, we incubated at 37° C. a unmodified siRNA (wild-type siRNA) in mouse serum for up to 3 hours.

The unmodified siRNA sequence employed was pGl3-siRNA (see Table 3)

The mixtures were analyzed with Strong Anion Exchange HPLC at t=0 min., t=30 min, t=180 min.

As shown in FIGS. 1 a, 1 b and 1 c, at t=30 min, a well defined peak corresponding to blunt ended siRNA was observed. By t=3h substantial degradation is observed. FIGS. 1 d and 1 e illustrate the metabolites identified by HPLC-ESI-MS analysis. This analysis revealed the presence of several metabolites corresponding to the loss of the 3′ overhangs and of the 3′-terminal first base pairing ribonucleotide on both strands. Digestion of the 5′-terminal ribonucleotide of the guide strand was also observed.

FIG. 1 suggests the degradation pathway of unmodified siRNAs in serum. DNA overhangs are first digested, possibly by 3′-exonucleases. In the LC-MS, additional metabolites were also detected which correspond to the loss of the first base-pairing 3′-ribonucleotide of both strands and also the first 5′-base-pairing ribonucleotide of the guide strand.

3′-Modified siRNAs are Stable Through the GI Tract

siRNAs with 2′-methoxyethyl ribonucleotides overhangs (MOE o/h siRNA), blunt-ended siRNAs 3′-capped with a hydroxypropoxy phosphodiester moiety (C3-siRNA), and hydroxypropoxy phosphodiester 3′-capped siRNAs where the two first base paring nucleotide at 3′-end of each strand were modified by 2′-methoxyethyl ribonucleotides residues (C3-MOE siRNA) were synthesized. These compounds are illustrated schematically in FIG. 2.

First siRNAs were incubated in mouse gastric acid for 2 h (FIG. 3). No degradation was observed in the cases of C3 siRNA and C3-MOE sRNA, while degradation of wild-type siRNA was observed after 30 minutes.

Stability in intestinal fluid obtained from intestinal lavage of rats revealed almost complete degradation of wild-type siRNA after 15 minutes whereas parent compound in the MOE o/h siRNA, C3-siRNA and C3-Moe siRNA were observed for 60 minutes. (FIG. 4)

Stability in liver was evaluated using a liver microsome assay and a S12 assay (representative of liver cytosolic enzymatic activity). Results are shown in FIG. 5. In both cases, no degradation was observed after 60 minutes of incubation.

Finally, siRNAs were tested in mouse serum by incubation at 2 micromolar for up to 6 hours at 37° C. (results in FIG. 6). Parent compound stability was followed by gel electrophoresis. In the cases of modified siRNAs (C3 siRNA, C3-MOE siRNA of MOE o/h siRNA), no significant degradation was observed while the wild-type siRNA

This study indicate that wild type (unmodified) siRNAs are metabolized in mouse gastric acid and in mouse serum. In case of 3′-ends modified siRNAs, no degradation was observed in the GI tract. Therefore it is likely that 3′-modified siRNAs will have a higher oral bioavailability than wild-type siRNAs

Systemically Delivered 3′-Modified siRNAs are More Active in an In Vivo Growth Factor Induced Angiogenesis Mode¹⁸.

Firstly, the ability of modified siRNAs (C3-siRNA and CE-MOE siRNA) to down regulate a target gene was checked in cellulo by measuring VEGFR2 surface level of MS1 cells transfected with anti-VEGFR2 siRNAs.

Pools of 2 anti VEGFR2 siRNAs as wild-type siRNAs, C3-siRNAs and C3-MOE siRNAs were administered intraperitoneally. Results are shown in FIG. 7. Pooled Wild type siRNAs reduced significantly the VEGF induced vascularization at the higher dose of 25 micrograms per mice per day. The same level of inhibition was observed at a 5-fold lower dose with C3-siRNA. In the case of the C3-MOE siRNAs pool, significant reduction of vascularized tissue weight was observed at all tested doses including the lowest 0.2 microgram per mouse per day.

FIGS. 8 a and 8 b show that, when given intraperitoneally, both VEGFR2—C3 and C3-MOE siRNAs were active at below 1 microgram per mouse per day dose.

In vivo testing of anti-VEGFR2C3-MOE siRNA given intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a Bl6 homograft melanoma tumor mouse model. FIG. 9 a shows that i.p. treatment with modified VEGFR2—C3-MOE-siRNA significantly reduces tumour development. FIG. 9 b also shows that i.p. injection of VEGFR2-C3-MOE-siRNA at 20 ug per mouse results in significant inhibition of tumour growth.

Oral Delivery of siRNA for Treatment of Angiogenic Disorders

FIG. 10 shows that given orally, at a dose of 20 micrograms per mouse per day, the VEGFR2-C3-MOE-siRNA1 reduced vascularization weight down to basal level (e.g. weight without growth factor induction). Actual siRNA sequences used are referred to in Table 3.

Anti Tie2 C3-MOE siRNAs were also tested in the growth factor induced angiogenesis model under both intraperitoneal and oral deliveries. FIG. 11 a and 11 b show that given orally, both C3-MOE siRNAs directed at Tie2 were active at 20 microgram per mouse per day. Actual siRNA sequences used may be determined by reference to Table 3.

The data shows that 3′-end modified siRNAs with or without additional internal modifications are able to demonstrate therapeutic effect at reasonable doses upon oral administration.

REFERENCES

-   1. a) Y. Tomari et al. Genes and Development 19 (2005), 517; b) P.     Shankar et al. JAMA 11 (2005), 1367; c) Y. Dorsett et al. Nature     Reviews 3 (2004), 318 -   2. a) P. D. Zamore et al. Cell 101, (2000), 25; b) S. M. Hammond et     al. Nature 404 (2000), 293 -   3. a) G. Meister et al. Molecular Cell 15 (2004), 185. -   4. S. M. Elbashir et al. Genes Dev. 15 (2001), 188. -   5. S. J. Reich et al. Molecular Vision 9 (2003), 210. -   6. a) Dorn et al. Nucleic Acids Research 32 (2004), e49; b) D. R.     Thakker et al. PNAS101 (2004), 17270; c) D. R. Thakker et al.     Molecular Psychiatry 10 (2005), 714 -   7. V. Bitko et al. Nature Medicine 11 (2005), 50. -   8. E. Song et al. Nature Medicine 9 (2003), 347. -   9. D. A. Braasch et al. Biochemistry 42 (2003), 7967. -   10. Harborth, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Devt, 2003 -   11. A. H. S. Hall et al. Nucleic Acids Research 32 (2004), 5991. -   12. M. Amarzguioui et al. Nucleic Acids Research 31 (2003), 589. -   13. F. Czauderna et al. Nucleic Acids Research 31 (2003), 2705. -   14. T. Prakash et al. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 48 (2005),     4247. -   15. J. Elmen et al. Nucleic Acids Research 33 (2005), 439. -   16. A. S. Boutorin, L. V. Guskova, E. M. Ivanova, N. D.     Kobetz, V. F. Zafytova, A. S. Ryte, L. V. Yurchenko and V. V.     Vlassov FEBS Lett. 254 (1989), p. 129 -   17. J. Wood et al. Cancer Research 60 (2000), 2178. -   18. K. LaMontagne et al. Cancer Res. 66 (2006), 221. 

1. A short interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA), said siRNA comprising two RNA strands that are complementary to each other over at least 15 nucleotides, wherein each strand is 49 nucleotides or less, and wherein the 3′-terminus of at least one strand comprises a modification at the 3′ carbon, wherein the modification is:


2. The siRNA according to claim 1, wherein the first two base-pairing nucleotides at the 3′ end of each strand are modified.
 3. The siRNA according to claim 1, wherein the first two base-pairing nucleotides at the 3′ end of each strand are 2′-methoxyethyl ribonucleotides residues.
 4. The siRNA according to claim 1, wherein each strand is 18 nucleotides.
 5. The siRNA according to claim 1, wherein each strand is 19 nucleotides.
 6. The siRNA according to claim 1, wherein both ends of the siRNA are blunt-ended.
 7. The siRNA according to claim 1, having stability in a standard gastric acid assay that is greater than an unmodified siRNA with the same nucleotide sequence.
 8. The siRNA according to claim 1, having stability in a standard serum assay is greater than an unmodified siRNA with the same nucleotide sequence.
 9. The siRNA according to claim 1, having stability in a standard intestinal lavage assay that is greater than an unmodified siRNA with the same nucleotide sequence.
 10. The siRNA according to claim 1, having an enhanced bioavailability compared to an unmodified siRNA of the same nucleotide sequence.
 11. Pharmaceutical composition comprising the siRNA according to claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 12. The siRNA according to claim 1, wherein the first two base-pairing nucleotides at the 3′ end of each strand are modified, wherein each modified nucleotide has an internucleoside linkage which is an amide linkage.
 13. The siRNA according to claim 1, wherein the first two base-pairing nucleotides at the 3′ end of each strand are modified, wherein each modified nucleotide is selected from among nucleotides having a modified internucleoside linkage selected from among phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoramidate, boranophosphonoate, and amide linkages.
 14. The siRNA according to claim 1, comprising a 1 to 6 nucleotide overhang on at least one of the 5′ end or 3′ end.
 15. The siRNA according to claim 1, for use as a medicament which is administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray, or rectally, or by percutaneous, subcutaneous, intravascular, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrathecal or infusion technique.
 16. A short interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA), said siRNA comprising two RNA strands that are complementary to each other over at least 15 nucleotides, wherein each strand is 49 nucleotides or less, and wherein the 3′-terminus of each strand comprises a modification at the 3′ carbon, wherein the modification is:


17. The siRNA according to claim 16, wherein each strand is 19 nucleotides.
 18. The siRNA according to claim 16, wherein one end of the siRNA is blunt-ended.
 19. The siRNA according to claim 16, wherein the two strands are fully complementary to each other over 19 nucleotides and wherein the siRNA is blunt-ended.
 20. The siRNA according to claim 16, wherein at least one additional nucleotide is modified. 